出典:米国ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学(米国メリーランド州)のSmaa Koraym
この実験では、さまざまな濃度のHCl水溶液とチオ硫酸ナトリウムを組み合わせて固体硫黄を作り、特定の硫黄濃度で不透明な黄色の粒子に急速に集まります。反応液は無色透明で開始するため、その濃度に達すると簡単にわかります。
毎回同じ試験管と総体積を使用するため、各溶液を完全に不透明にするには同じ量の硫黄が必要です。したがって、反応の進行状況を測定するには、それにかかる時間を計ります。次に、そのデータを使用して、個々の反応物と全体的な反応の反応順序を推定します。
ラボを開始する前に、反応物の濃度、溶液の不透明度までの時間、および試験の溶液温度をリストした表を作成します。
| 裁判 | [ナ2S2オ3](M) | [HCl](M) | 時間 (秒) | 温度 (°C) |
| 1 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 2 | 0.1 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 3 | 0.2 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 4 | 0.15 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 5 | 0.05 M | 3.0 M | ||
| 6 | 0.1 M | 6.0 M | ||
| 7 | 0.1 M | 4.5 M | ||
| 8 | 0.1 M | 1.5 M |
私たちは、反応がすべて室温で起こっていることを確認したいと考えています。2 つのベンチマーク試験、異なるチオ硫酸ナトリウム濃度の 3 つの試験、および異なる HCl 濃度の 3 つの試験を実施します。次の表に示すように、チオ硫酸ナトリウムとHClのストック溶液を希釈して濃度を変化させます。
| 目標濃度 | 0.2 Mチオ硫酸ナトリウムの容量 | DI水の量 |
| 0.05 M | 5 mL | 15 mL |
| 0.10 M | 10 mL | 10 mL |
| 0.15 M | 15 mL | 5 mL |
| 0.20 M | 20 mL | 0 mL |
| 目標濃度 | >6.0 M HCl のボリューム | DI水の量 |
| 1.5 M | 2.5 mL | 7.5 mL |
| 3.0 M | 5.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 4.5 M | 7.5 mL | 2.5 mL |
| 6.0 M | 10 mL | 0 mL |
HClは毒性があり、腐食性が高いため、取り扱いには注意が必要です。この反応の気体生成物である二酸化硫黄も有毒です。反応廃棄物をヒュームフードに一晩放置して、二酸化硫黄を無害に逃がします。
| トライアル | [Na2S2O3] が追加されました | Na2S2O3 容量 (mL) | 総容量 (mL) | [Na2S2O3] を混ぜて | 時間 (秒) | 逆時間 (s-1) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | |||||
| 3 | 0.2 | |||||
| 4 | 0.15 | |||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
| トライアル | [HCl]を追加 | >HCl容量(mL) | 総容量 (mL) | [HCl]を混ぜて | 時間 (秒) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | ||||
| 3 | 0.2 | ||||
| 4 | 0.15 | ||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
Q1: How do you prepare diluted solutions of sodium thiosulfate for the concentration dependence experiment?
Use a volumetric pipette to measure the required volume of 0.2 M sodium thiosulfate stock solution and dispense it into a volumetric flask. Fill the flask with deionized water to the mark, seal with plastic paraffin film, and invert several times to thoroughly mix. This dilution procedure ensures accurate target concentrations ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M for each trial.
Q2: Why is measuring the time to solution opacity used to track reaction progress?
The reaction produces solid sulfur that creates visible cloudiness in the initially clear, colorless solution. Since each trial uses the same test tube and total volume, it takes the same amount of sulfur to make the solution completely opaque. By timing when the X mark disappears, you measure how fast sulfur is produced, which directly reflects the reaction rate.
Q3: What does the relationship between sodium thiosulfate concentration and reaction time reveal about reaction order?
When sodium thiosulfate concentration doubles, the time to opacity is halved, indicating the reaction rate doubles proportionally. When concentration increases by a factor of four, the reaction rate also increases by a factor of four. This one-to-one relationship demonstrates that the reaction is first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate.
Q4: How does HCl concentration affect the rate of the sulfur precipitation reaction?
Reaction times remain nearly identical across trials with different HCl concentrations, from 1.5 M to 6.0 M. This lack of variation indicates that HCl concentration has no effect on the reaction rate, meaning the reaction is zeroth order with respect to HCl. The rate depends only on sodium thiosulfate concentration.
Q5: What precautions are necessary when handling the reactants and products in this experiment?
HCl is toxic and highly corrosive, requiring a lab coat, splash-proof safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Sulfur dioxide, a gaseous product, is also toxic and must be allowed to escape harmlessly by leaving reaction waste in the fume hood overnight. Always work in a fume hood and neutralize waste with baking soda before disposal.
Q6: Why are benchmark trials performed before varying reactant concentrations?
Benchmark trials ensure that reactions occur at consistent room temperature and establish reproducible baseline measurements. Two benchmark trials must be within 3-5 seconds of each other to confirm experimental reliability. This consistency validates that subsequent variations in concentration, not temperature fluctuations, cause observed changes in reaction time.
Q7: How do you calculate the overall reaction order from individual reactant orders?
Add the reaction orders of all reactants to determine the overall reaction order. Since sodium thiosulfate is first order and HCl is zeroth order, the overall reaction order is one. This sum represents the total dependence of the reaction rate on all reactant concentrations combined.