RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS) 6 articles published in JoVE Immunology and Infection Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Davide Cossu1,2, Yuji Tomizawa1, Eiichi Momotani1, Kazumasa Yokoyama1, Nobutaka Hattori1,3 1Department of Neurology, Juntendo University, 2Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University, 3Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Here, we present an alternative protocol to actively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice, using the immunogenic epitope myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 suspended in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing the heat-killed Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Neuroscience Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction Yutaka Furutani1,2, Yoshihiro Yoshihara3 1Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 3Laboratory for Systems Molecular Ethology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science In this protocol, we introduce a method for purifying the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction from the phagocytic cup-like protrusion structure on cultured hippocampal neurons by taking advantage of the specific and strong affinity between a dendritic filopodial adhesion molecule, TLCN, and an extracellular matrix molecule, vitronectin. Neuroscience Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators Hiroko Bannai1,2, Matsumi Hirose2, Fumihiro Niwa2,3, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba2 1Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 2Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 3École Normale Supèrieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Institut national de la santè et de la recherche mèdicale (INSERM), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), École Normale Supèrieure, PSL Research University Here we present a protocol for Ca2+ imaging in neurons and glial cells, which enables the dissection of Ca2+ signals at subcellular resolution. This process is applicable to all cell types that allow the expression of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators. Neuroscience Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset Misako Komatsu1, Takaaki Kaneko2,3, Hideyuki Okano2,3, Noritaka Ichinohe1,4 1Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 3Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 4Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Behavior Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage Akira Masuda1,2, Yuki Kobayashi1, Shigeyoshi Itohara1 1Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer's disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning. Behavior An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents Qi Zhang1,2, Yuki Kobayashi1, Hiromichi Goto1, Shigeyoshi Itohara1 1Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2Faculty of Human Science, University of Tsukuba This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.