Name: solvent partitioning in chemical extraction
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:24.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

CHEM1.PS1.7

extraction-partition-and-distribution-coefficients

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

Nernst의 분포 법칙에 따르면 일정한 온도에서 용질 S는 분배 계수 KD로 설명되는 두 개의 비혼화성 용매 사이에 분포합니다.
 용질의 K D는 용질이 수성 및 유기 용제 상 모두에서 하나의 화학적 형태로 존재하는 경우 분포 계수 D와 같습니다.
용질이 A와 B의 두 가지 화학 형태로 존재하고 A만 두 상 사이에 분포한 다음 KD는 두 용매 층 사이의 A의 농도 비율로 표현됩니다. 
대조적으로, D는 유기상에서의 A의 농도를 수성상에서의 A와 B의 농도로 나눈 값과 같습니다.
KD는 두 용매 사이의 특정 용질 분할에 대한 열역학적 평형 상수입니다.
D는 pH 의존적이며 용액 내 용질의 상대적인 양에 따라 변합니다.
KD 및 D는 모두 한 용매 상에서 다른 용매 상으로 이동하는 용질의 양과 관련이 있으며 크로마토그래피에서 중요한 역할을 합니다.

추출: 분할 및 분포 계수

분포 법칙 또는 네른스트 식은 혼합되지 않는 두 용매 사이의 용질 분포를 규율하는 법칙입니다. 분배법칙이라고도 알려진 이 법칙은 혼합되지 않는 두 용매의 혼합물에 일정한 온도에서 용질을 첨가하면 두 용매 사이에 용질이 분포되어 용매 내 용질의 농도 비율이 다음과 같아진다는 것입니다. 평형상태에서 일정하게 유지됩니다.

수성상에서 유기상으로 용질을 추출하기 위해 네른스트 식은 분배 계수(KD)와 유기상의 용질 농도를 수성상의 농도로 나눈 비율 사이의 방정식으로 수학적으로 표현될 수 있습니다. 용질이 각 용매 단계에서 하나의 화학적 형태로만 존재하는 경우 분배 계수는 분포 비율(D)과 같습니다. 그러나 용질이 용매상 중 하나에서 두 가지 이상의 화학적 형태로 존재하는 경우 KD와 D는 서로 다른 값을 갖습니다.

분배 계수는 열역학적 평형 상수이므로 각 상의 양에 관계없이 두 상 사이의 특정 용질 분배에 대해 고정된 값을 갖습니다. 대조적으로, 분포 값 D는 각 단계의 용질 양이 변함에 따라 변합니다. 분배 및 분포 계수는 크로마토그래피와 같은 기술에서 용질 분리에 영향을 미치며, 여기서 관심 있는 성분을 혼합물의 나머지 부분과 분리하려면 두 상 사이의 적절한 분배가 필요합니다.

분배법 또는 Nernst의 분배법은 두 개의 혼합되지 않는 용매 사이의 용질 분포를 규율하는 법칙입니다. 이 법은 또한 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

분석 화학

Unit 1

제1단원

Introduction to Separation Methods

분리 방법 입문

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

solvent partitioning in chemical extraction

Solvent partitioning in chemical extraction describes how a solute spreads between two immiscible solvents. Immiscible solvents do not mix, such as an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The distribution law, also called Nernst's distribution law or the partition law, explains how that solute is shared at a constant temperature and equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the ratio of solute concentrations in the two solvents stays constant. For extraction from water into an organic solvent, this relationship is written with the partition coefficient, K D, as the concentration in the organic phase divided by the concentration in the aqueous phase. The partition coefficient equals the distribution ratio, D, when the solute exists in only one chemical form in each phase.

K D and D can differ when the solute is present in more than one chemical form in either solvent phase. The partition coefficient is a thermodynamic equilibrium constant, so it has a fixed value for a specific solute between two phases. The distribution value, D, can change as the amount of solute in each phase changes.

These coefficients matter in separation methods such as chromatography. In chromatography, proper partitioning between two phases helps separate the component of interest from the rest of the mixture. Understanding partition and distribution coefficients helps explain why some substances move more easily into one solvent than another.

Solvent Partitioning in Chemical Extraction

solvent-partitioning-in-chemical-extraction

states of matter and phase changes

Heating and Cooling During Phase Changes

Heating and cooling can change a substance from one state of matter to another. These phase changes depend on internal energy, which is the total kinetic energy of particles and the potential energy from their interactions. In the condensed phases, stronger intermolecular forces and the pressure on the substance affect that internal energy. The internal energy is highest in the gaseous state, lowest in the solid state, and in between for the liquid state. Phase transitions happen when...

distillation: vapor&ndash;liquid equilibria

Distillation and Boiling Point Changes

Distillation separates a miscible liquid mixture by using differences in boiling points. It works best when the two liquids have a significant boiling point gap, usually at least 20°C. In this process, the mixture is heated until the more volatile component reaches its bubble point and begins to vaporize. The vapor then rises into a condenser. A condenser is a glass tube with separate inner and outer sections. Cold water flows through the outer section and cools the vapor in the inner section,...

filtration

Filtration Setup and Filtrate Collection

Filtration separates a solid from a liquid by passing a suspension through a porous medium. The solid stays on the filter, and the liquid, called the filtrate, passes through. This makes filtration a physical separation process, not a chemical change. The filtering medium is chosen for the purpose of the separation, the amount of material, and the nature of the precipitate. A good filter medium should be inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved materials, and able to let...

centrifugation

Centrifugation for Separating Particles

Centrifugation separates particles in a liquid by using differences in size and density. The sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity. This creates centrifugal force, which makes the different components move at different rates. After spinning, the supernatant, or liquid above the settled material, is decanted. In some cases, the pellet is kept for further purification. In other cases, the supernatant is kept and may be spun again for additional processing. <br...

sublimation

Sublimation in Separation and Purification

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recrystallization: solid&ndash;solution equilibria

recrystallization-solidsolution-equilibria

Recrystallization for Purifying Solid Compounds

Recrystallization is a way to purify solid compounds by using differences in solubility. It does not involve a chemical reaction. Instead, it relies on physical properties of the desired compound and the impurities. The process is based on solid-solution equilibrium, also called solubility equilibrium. In this equilibrium, a component is split between the solid phase and the solution phase. At equilibrium, the chemical potential of that component is the same in both phases. To begin...

crystal growth: principles of crystallization

crystal-growth-principles-of-crystallization

Crystal Formation Through Supersaturation

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precipitation and co-precipitation

Selective Ion Separation by Precipitation

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coagulation

Wastewater Cleanup by Coagulation

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electrodeposition

Electrodeposition for Metal Ion Separation

Electrodeposition separates metal ions from a solution by using an electric current and an electrolytic cell. The cell has an anode and a cathode. When current flows, oxidation happens at the anode. At the cathode, metal ions gain electrons, undergo reduction, and deposit on the large metal surface. This method works well when metals have very different reduction potentials. Copper and nickel in the same solution can be separated this way. First, the solution is made acidic. Then current is...

extraction: partition and distribution coefficients

Solvent partitioning in chemical extraction describes how a solute spreads between two immiscible solvents. Immiscible solvents do not mix, such as an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The distribution law, also called Nernst's distribution law or the partition law, explains how that solute is shared at a constant temperature and equilibrium. At equilibrium, the ratio of solute concentrations in the two solvents stays constant. For extraction from water into an organic solvent, this...

extraction: effects of ph

pH Control in Liquid Extraction

pH control in liquid extraction changes how amines and acids move between organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes. The charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. For a weak base such as an amine, the neutral form is called B. Its partition coefficient, K, describes how the neutral molecule distributes between the two liquids. If the conjugate acid of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase, while the base...

extraction: advanced methods

Chelate Extraction for Metal Ion Separation

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chromatography: introduction

Chromatography: Separation by Polarity

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dialysis

Dialysis Separation by Diffusion

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volatilization

Mass Loss in Gravimetric Analysis

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Ion Exchange Resins and Charged Molecules

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key terms and concepts

Learn how partition and distribution coefficients describe solute movement between immiscible solvents and why they matter in extraction and chromatography.

Solvent Partitioning in Chemical Extraction | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

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CHEM1.PS1.1

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CHEM1.PS1.2

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Perform stoichiometric calculations involving the following relationships: mole- mole; mass-mass; mole-mass; mole- particle; and mass- particle. Show a qualitative understanding of the phenomenon of percent yield, limiting, and excess reagents in a chemical reaction through pictorial and conceptual examples. (states of matter liquid and solid; excluding volume of gasses). EXPLANATION: This standard builds on the idea that balancing chemical reactions provides evidence for conservation of mass and that the behavior of atoms follows predictable patterns. Students now have the opportunity to utilize this understanding as they perform and evaluate chemical reactions. (The concepts of limiting reagent and percent yield are presented; however, students are not expected to determine these values algebraically. Use of molar volume in stoichiometric processes is beyond the scope of this standard.)

CHEM1.PS1.3

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Use the reactants in a chemical reaction to predict the products and identify reaction classes (synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, double replacement). EXPLANATION: Chemical reactions are rearrangements of atoms that follow predicable patterns. There are patterns both at the macroscopic level in the behavior of some of the reaction classes, as well as patterns in the rearrangements of the atoms underlying the reaction. Students should be able to predict the products of the reactions, which also requires the ability to recognize the general patterns for each type of reaction.

CHEM1.PS1.4

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Conduct investigations to explore and characterize the behavior of gasses (pressure, volume, and temperature), develop models to represent this behavior, and construct arguments to explain this behavior. Evaluate the relationship (qualitative and quantitatively) at STP between pressure and volume (Boyle's Law), temperature and volume (Charles' Law), temperature and pressure (Gay-Lussac Law) and moles and volume (Avogadro's Law), and evaluate and explain these relationships with respect to kinetic molecular theory. Be able to understand, establish, and predict the relationships between volume, temperature, and pressure using combined gas law both qualitatively and quantitatively. EXPLANATION: When exploring the behavior of gasses, it is important to consider experimental design. Experiments used to show the relationships between these sets of variables should include one independent and one dependent variable. Other variables should be held constant. Pressure should serve as the dependent variable because it cannot be manipulated directly. Avogadro's Law can be used to relate the amount of gas in two different containers in lieu of knowing actual number of gas particles in an individual container. Individual demonstrations can be performed to explore each of the different gas laws.

CHEM1.PS1.5

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Analyze solutions to identify solutes and solvents, quantitatively analyze concentrations (molarity, percent composition, and ppm), and perform separation methods such as evaporation, distillation, and/or chromatography and show conceptual understanding of distillation. Construct argument to justify the use of certain separation methods under different conditions. EXPLANATION: In seventh grade, students developed an understanding that chemical and physical properties of a sample of matter could be used to identify a substance. Building on this understanding, students now explore the use of these physical and chemical properties to separate mixtures. Analysis of the substances is performed to aid in further discussion and facilitate further quantitative analysis.

Solvent Partitioning in Chemical Extraction

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