Name: ph control in liquid extraction
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:24.000Z
Duration: 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Chemistry

Matter and Its Interactions

CHEM1.PS1.7

Extraction: Effects of pH

유기상과 수성 상 사이에 분배 계수 K가 있는 약한 염기 B를 고려하십시오. 
유기 염기는 일반적으로 유기상에 더 잘 용해되지만 pH를 변경하면 수용성 염 형태로 전환될 수 있습니다.
여기서 켤레 산 BH+는 산 해리 상수 Ka를 갖습니다. 
BH+가 수성상에서만 용해되는 경우 B의 총 농도에서 분포 계수 D를 계산할 수 있습니다.
K와 K를 a로 대체하고 재배열하면 수성상에서 중성 염기의 분율이 제공됩니다.
pH 의존적 분포 비율은 염기가 적절한 pH 범위 내에서 접합산으로 수성상으로 추출될 수 있음을 의미합니다.

추출: ph의 영향

유기상과 수성상을 포함하는 액체 혼합물에서 분배 계수 K를 갖는 중성 형태의 아민 B를 생각해 보세요. 수성상의 pH는 산성 및 염기성 용질의 전하에 영향을 미치며, 하전된 형태는 일반적으로 수성상에 더 잘 용해됩니다. 아민의 짝산 형태는 수상에만 용해되는 반면, 염기 형태는 두 상 모두에 용해된다고 가정합니다. 그런 다음 분배 계수 D는 유기상의 아민 농도와 수상의 아민 및 공액 산의 농도 합계의 비율로 주어질 수 있습니다. 이 방정식에서 분배 계수와 산 해리 상수 Ka에 대한 항은 농도로 대체될 수 있으며, 방정식을 풀어 수성 상에서 중성 아민의 분율을 결정할 수 있습니다. 래더 다이어그램과 log D 대 pH 플롯을 사용하면 중성 염기가 전하를 띤 짝산으로 변환될 만큼 충분히 낮은 pH에서 수성상으로 추출될 수 있다는 결론을 내릴 수 있습니다. 유사하게, 전하를 띤 산은 중성 짝염기로 전환될 만큼 충분히 높은 pH에서 유기상으로 추출될 수 있습니다.

추출: pH의 영향

유기상과 수성 상 사이에 분배 계수 K가 있는 약한 염기 B를 고려하십시오.
유기적 염기는 일반적으로 더 많은 반면 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

분석 화학

Unit 1

제1단원

Introduction to Separation Methods

분리 방법 입문

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

ph control in liquid extraction

pH control in liquid extraction changes how amines and acids move between organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes. The charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase.

For a weak base such as an amine, the neutral form is called B. Its partition coefficient, K, describes how the neutral molecule distributes between the two liquids. If the conjugate acid of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase, while the base form is soluble in both phases, the distribution coefficient, D, can be written from the amine level in the organic phase and the total of the amine plus its conjugate acid in the aqueous phase.

The equation for D can be rewritten by using concentrations, the partition coefficient, and the acid dissociation constant, Ka. This makes it possible to solve for the fraction of neutral amine in the aqueous phase. Ladder diagrams and a plot of log D versus pH help show the same pattern.

These pH trends show when extraction will favor one layer over the other. A neutral base can be extracted into the aqueous phase if the pH is low enough to convert it into its charged conjugate acid. A charged acid can be extracted into the organic phase if the pH is high enough to convert it into its neutral conjugate base.

pH Control in Liquid Extraction

states of matter and phase changes

Heating and Cooling During Phase Changes

Heating and cooling can change a substance from one state of matter to another. These phase changes depend on internal energy, which is the total kinetic energy of particles and the potential energy from their interactions. In the condensed phases, stronger intermolecular forces and the pressure on the substance affect that internal energy. The internal energy is highest in the gaseous state, lowest in the solid state, and in between for the liquid state. Phase transitions happen when...

distillation: vapor&ndash;liquid equilibria

Distillation and Boiling Point Changes

Distillation separates a miscible liquid mixture by using differences in boiling points. It works best when the two liquids have a significant boiling point gap, usually at least 20°C. In this process, the mixture is heated until the more volatile component reaches its bubble point and begins to vaporize. The vapor then rises into a condenser. A condenser is a glass tube with separate inner and outer sections. Cold water flows through the outer section and cools the vapor in the inner section,...

filtration

Filtration Setup and Filtrate Collection

Filtration separates a solid from a liquid by passing a suspension through a porous medium. The solid stays on the filter, and the liquid, called the filtrate, passes through. This makes filtration a physical separation process, not a chemical change. The filtering medium is chosen for the purpose of the separation, the amount of material, and the nature of the precipitate. A good filter medium should be inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved materials, and able to let...

centrifugation

Centrifugation for Separating Particles

Centrifugation separates particles in a liquid by using differences in size and density. The sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity. This creates centrifugal force, which makes the different components move at different rates. After spinning, the supernatant, or liquid above the settled material, is decanted. In some cases, the pellet is kept for further purification. In other cases, the supernatant is kept and may be spun again for additional processing. <br...

sublimation

Sublimation in Separation and Purification

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recrystallization: solid&ndash;solution equilibria

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Recrystallization for Purifying Solid Compounds

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Crystal Formation Through Supersaturation

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precipitation and co-precipitation

Selective Ion Separation by Precipitation

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Wastewater Cleanup by Coagulation

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electrodeposition

Electrodeposition for Metal Ion Separation

Electrodeposition separates metal ions from a solution by using an electric current and an electrolytic cell. The cell has an anode and a cathode. When current flows, oxidation happens at the anode. At the cathode, metal ions gain electrons, undergo reduction, and deposit on the large metal surface. This method works well when metals have very different reduction potentials. Copper and nickel in the same solution can be separated this way. First, the solution is made acidic. Then current is...

extraction: partition and distribution coefficients

extraction-partition-and-distribution-coefficients

Solvent Partitioning in Chemical Extraction

Solvent partitioning in chemical extraction describes how a solute spreads between two immiscible solvents. Immiscible solvents do not mix, such as an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The distribution law, also called Nernst's distribution law or the partition law, explains how that solute is shared at a constant temperature and equilibrium. At equilibrium, the ratio of solute concentrations in the two solvents stays constant. For extraction from water into an organic solvent, this...

extraction: effects of ph

pH control in liquid extraction changes how amines and acids move between organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes. The charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. For a weak base such as an amine, the neutral form is called B. Its partition coefficient, K, describes how the neutral molecule distributes between the two liquids. If the conjugate acid of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase, while the base...

extraction: advanced methods

Chelate Extraction for Metal Ion Separation

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Chromatography: Separation by Polarity

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dialysis

Dialysis Separation by Diffusion

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volatilization

Mass Loss in Gravimetric Analysis

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ion exchange

Ion Exchange Resins and Charged Molecules

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key terms and concepts

See how pH changes the charge and solubility of acids and amines during liquid extraction, using partition coefficient, Ka, and log D behavior.

pH Control in Liquid Extraction | JoVE K12

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CHEM1.PS1.4

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Analyze solutions to identify solutes and solvents, quantitatively analyze concentrations (molarity, percent composition, and ppm), and perform separation methods such as evaporation, distillation, and/or chromatography and show conceptual understanding of distillation. Construct argument to justify the use of certain separation methods under different conditions. EXPLANATION: In seventh grade, students developed an understanding that chemical and physical properties of a sample of matter could be used to identify a substance. Building on this understanding, students now explore the use of these physical and chemical properties to separate mixtures. Analysis of the substances is performed to aid in further discussion and facilitate further quantitative analysis.

pH Control in Liquid Extraction

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