Name: preventing lab electric shock and fires
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:56:27.000Z
Duration: 4 min 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Electrical Safety

1. Voorbereiding op elektrische gevaren
<ol>
	<li>Wees vertrouwd met de locatie van het elektrische controlepaneel van het laboratorium en weet hoe de stroom uit te schakelen in geval van nood. Localiseer de stroomverdelerkast in het laboratorium en identificeer de stroomkring waarin het geëlektrificeerde apparatuur is aangesloten. Alle stroomonderbrekers moeten goed gelabeld zijn, waarbij de laboratoriumruimte of specifiek apparatuur waarmee het is geassocieerd, wordt geïdentificeerd.</li>
	<li>Wees vertrouwd met het type en de locatie(s) van brandblussers in geval van een elektrische brand. Elektrische branden (ook bekend als Klasse C branden) vereisen een blusmiddel dat koolstofdioxide bevat. De locatie van de brandblusser moet boven of op de vloer met pijlen die naar de locatie wijzen, worden gemarkeerd. Volgens OSHA zijn de 4 belangrijkste stappen voor het juiste gebruik van een blusmiddel3: 
	a. Trek de pin los. 
	b. Richt de mondstuik op de basis van de brand. 
	c. Druk op de trekker om de afgifte van het blusmiddel te regelen. 
	d. Verplaats van zij naar zij.</li>
	<li>Inspecteer alle laboratorium elektrische apparatuur periodiek om ervoor te zorgen dat alle apparatuur en de bijbehorende interne en perifere draden in goede werkende omstandigheden verkeren. Als er draden in slechte staat zijn, laat ze dan repareren of vervangen door een gekwalificeerde elektricien. Het kan voordelig zijn om groepsleden aan deze taak toe te wijzen met de resultaten van hun onderzoek gepresenteerd in een logboek geassocieerd met het instrument.</li>
</ol>
2. Elektrische schokken vermijden
<ol>
	<li>Raak elektronica nooit aan met natte handen of natte materialen.</li>
	<li>Controleer dat alle stroomkabels in goede staat verkeren voordat u de stroom inschakelt. Versleten kabels of blootgestelde draden mogen niet worden gebruikt. Laat de kabel repareren of vervangen door een gekwalificeerde elektricien.</li>
	<li>Houd draden uit de buurt van corrosief chemisch afval en organische oplosmiddelen om erosie van isolatie op draden te voorkomen.</li>
	<li>Vervang beschadigde of gebroken stopcontacten, stekkers en verbindingen onmiddellijk om verdere schade te voorkomen. Probeer niet een stekker in een stopcontact te forceren waarin het niet past.</li>
	<li>Schakel de stroom uit en trek de stekker uit het stopcontact voordat u het deksel van een elektrisch apparaat opent. Houd er rekening mee dat sommige condensatoren nog steeds opgeladen kunnen zijn, zelfs uren nadat het deksel is verwijderd.</li>
	<li>Gebruik alleen apparatuur met aardingsstekkers in het laboratorium. De belangrijkste stekkers die voor laboratoriumapparatuur worden gebruikt, zijn enkelfasige met veiligheidsaarding, driefasige met veiligheidsaarding, enkelfasige centrumgekoppeld met veiligheidsaarding en driefasige met neutrale draad en veiligheidsaarding. Forceer nooit een stekker in een stopcontact. Zorg ervoor dat ze passende paren zijn.</li>
	<li>Gebruik nooit verlengsnoeren voor permanente laboratoriumapparatuur, behalve voor personal computers of tijdelijk gebruik. Gebruik overspanningsbeveiligingen om elektrische apparaten te beschermen tegen spanningspieken. Vermijd "daisy chaining" van verlengsnoeren.</li>
	<li>Neem nooit het risico om onbekende elektrische problemen te repareren. Vraag gekwalificeerde elektriciens om onbekende elektrische problemen te inspecteren of te repareren.</li>
	<li>Raak nooit een persoon aan die elektrisch geschokt is, omdat u dan als een geleider voor de elektriciteit zal fungeren om de grond te bereiken. Bel onmiddellijk 112. Zorg eerst voor uw veiligheid en schakel vervolgens de stroom uit indien mogelijk of gebruik niet-geleidende materialen zoals hout, glas of rubber om de persoon weg te trekken van het elektrische contact.</li>
</ol>
3. Elektrische brand of explosie vermijden
<ol>
	<li>Overbelast geen circuit. Als een circuit overbelast is, kunnen het werkelijke vermogen, de stroom en de spanning de nominale waarde overschrijden en tot een brand leiden. Als u niet in staat bent om de nominale waarden te bepalen, raadpleeg een persoon die kan bepalen of de huidige circuitbelasting de maximaal aanbevolen trekkracht overschrijdt.</li>
	<li>Bewaar brandbare en explosieve chemicaliën uit de buurt van elektrische apparaten. De vonken die door elektrische apparaten worden gegenereerd, kunnen brand of een explosie veroorzaken met brandbare en explosieve chemicaliën in de buurt.</li>
	<li>Zorg ervoor dat alle elektrische apparaten uit de buurt zijn van hete puntbronnen (bijv. een open vlam) om smelten en elektrische brand te voorkomen.</li>
	<li>In geval van een elektrische brand, verlaat u eerst het gebied en bel onmiddellijk 112. Trek de handigste brandalarm en schakel de hoofdvoeding uit, indien veilig en mogelijk. Gebruik nooit water of een geleidend schuimblusmiddel. Gebruik in plaats daarvan zand of een koolstofdioxideblusmiddel.</li>
</ol>

Elektrische apparaten zijn overal in het laboratorium. Het is essentieel om elektrische veiligheidsprincipes te volgen om elektrische schokken, elektrische brand of explosies te voorkomen. Wees voorbereid op welke stappen er genomen moeten worden in geval van nood. Identificeer en markeer de locatie van brandblussers in het laboratorium. Zorg ervoor dat u een blusmiddel gebruikt dat bedoeld is voor een Klasse C-brand. Denk er altijd aan om eerst uw persoonlijke veiligheid te waarborgen en vervolgens de stroom uit te scha...

elektrische veiligheid

Robert M. Rioux & Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Van de vele gevaren in het laboratorium zijn elektrische gevaren een van de meest voorkomende waar we ons bewust van moeten zijn, omdat de meeste laboratoriumapparatuur die we gebruiken elektriciteit nodig heeft om te werken. Onjuist gebruik of bediening van elektrische apparaten kan leiden tot elektrische schokken met het potentiële risico van letsel of zelfs de dood. Elektrische vonken kunnen leiden tot brand of explosie (aangezien veel brandbare chemicaliën in de buurt van geëlektrificeerde instrumentatie kunnen worden opgeslagen). Daarom is kennis over elektrische veiligheid en wat er in geval van nood moet worden gedaan, essentieel voor het laboratoriumpersoneel. Voorzorgsmaatregelen kunnen worden toegepast bij het werken in het laboratorium om elektrische schokken en elektrische brand of explosie te voorkomen.

Elektrische veiligheid

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Veilig omgaan met elektrische apparatuur is net zo belangrijk als de omgang met chemische materialen, maar de gevaarlijke aard van elektrische apparaten wordt vaak over het hoofd gezien.Onjuist gebruik van elektrisch aangedreven apparaten kan mogelijk leiden tot letsel of de dood door elektrische schok. Bovendien kunnen elektrische vonken in het laboratorium leiden tot brand of explosies, vooral wanneer zeer ontvlambare of potentieel explosieve chemicaliën in de buurt worden geplaatst.Voorkoming van elektrische ongelukken omvat inspectie van elektrische bedrading, het houden van stroomkabels op veilige afstand van water of chemicaliën, en situationele bewustwording.Deze video zal de noodzakelijke voorzorgsmaatregelen illustreren die moeten worden genomen voordat elektrisch aangedreven apparaten worden gebruikt, en de procedures die worden gebruikt om schoksgerelateerde ongelukken en elektrische branden te voorkomen of te behandelen.Voordat u elk elektrisch apparaat inschakelt, moet u ervoor zorgen dat de stroomkabel in goede staat verkeert. Gebruik het apparaat niet met een versleten kabel of blootgestelde draden.Zorg ervoor dat het apparaat op een stevige ondergrond staat, vrij van rommel of puin om te voorkomen dat het valt. Houd bovendien ontvlambare en corrosieve chemicaliën op een veilige afstand van elektrische stopcontacten.Maak uzelf vertrouwd met de noodstop voor elektriciteit en de stroomonderbrekerkast voor het geval een apparaat moet worden uitgeschakeld. Label de circuits waaraan elk stopcontact is aangesloten correct.Inspecteer alle elektrische laboratoriumapparatuur regelmatig door de bedradingscondities te controleren. Laat in geval van beschadigde draad of defect apparaat de onderdelen onmiddellijk vervangen worden door ervaren personeel.Om elektrische schokken te voorkomen, houdt u opgeladen apparaten uit de buurt van met water gevulde spoelen of badkuipen, en vermijd het aanraken ervan met natte handen.Gebruik bovendien alleen elektrisch aangedreven apparaten die zijn uitgerust met een aardingsstekker. Forceer geen stekker in een slecht passende stopcontact, en vervang eventueel beschadigde stopcontacten of stekkers.Gebruik altijd overspanningsbeveiligingen om elektrische apparaten te beschermen tegen spanningspieken, en gebruik nooit verlengsnoeren voor permanente laboratoriumapparatuur.Elektrische branden kunnen worden veroorzaakt door contact met ontvlambare chemicaliën, maar ook door overbelastingen van circuits. Gebruik niet meer dan twee elektrische apparaten per stopcontact, of gebruik overspanningsbeveiligingen om overbelasting te voorkomen. Houd elektrische apparaten ook uit de buurt van open vuur om smelten van de draad te voorkomen.Ken altijd de locatie van de brandblusser. Gebruik in geval van een kleine elektrische brand een CO2-blusser of zand.Als een brandblusser moet worden gebruikt, volg dan de PASS-regel. Trek eerst de pin eruit. Neem vervolgens de mondstukken en richt deze op de basis van het vuur en druk op de trekker. Veeg de mondstukken langzaam van links naar rechts om het brandende gebied te bedekken.In geval van een grote brand, laat de brandalarm afgaan, verlaat onmiddellijk het gebied en bel 112.Als een laborant elektrisch is geschokt, zorg er dan voor dat de stroom is uitgeschakeld en bel 112. Raak het slachtoffer niet aan met blote huid om te voorkomen dat u als geleider voor de elektriciteit naar de grond dient. Gebruik altijd niet-geleidende materialen zoals hout, glas of rubber om de elektrisch geschokte persoon te helpen.U hebt zojuist de introductie van JoVE tot elektrische veiligheid bekeken. U moet nu begrijpen welke veiligheidsmaatregelen er zijn tegen elektrische veiligheidsrisico's, hoe u zich kunt voorbereiden in geval van een ongeval, wat u kunt doen om een ​​elektrische schok en elektrische branden te voorkomen. Bedankt voor het kijken!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Basisbiologie

Lab Safety

Laboratoriumveiligheid

preventing lab electric shock and fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death.

Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing how to use electrical equipment safely, and how to respond in an emergency, is essential for preventing shock, fire, and explosion.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

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Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

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Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

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chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

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Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

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safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

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Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

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Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

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Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

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A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

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Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

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Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

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Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

This collection provides safety guidelines to be followed when working with hazardous materials and equipment. It covers universal topics such as PPE, electrical safety, and general emergency guidelines, as well as some specific safety procedures for chemistry and biology laboratories.

Learn how electrical hazards in the lab can cause shock, fire, or explosion, and why safe handling of powered equipment matters for high school labs.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Suprita Jharimune

Pennsylvania State University

Overview

Before Powering Up

Avoiding Electrical Shock

In Case of an Emergency

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

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