Name: lab cleaning methods for biosafety
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:59:10.000Z
Duration: 6 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

1. Chemicaliën
<ol>
	<li>Vloeibare Chemicaliën 
	Vloeibare desinfecteermiddelen worden veel gebruikt voor decontaminatie van laboratoria. De effectiviteit van vloeibare desinfecteermiddelen hangt af van een aantal factoren, zoals de chemische aard van het desinfecteermiddel, concentratie en hoeveelheid desinfecteermiddel, contacttijd en temperatuur. Onthoud dat geen enkele vloeibare desinfecteermiddelen voor alle situaties geschikt zijn. Zorg ervoor dat u geschikte desinfecteermiddelen selecteert op basis van de gedetecteerde micro-organismen, met behulp van de volgende criteria: 
	a. Type van verontreinigende micro-organismen: Verschillende micro-organismen hebben een verschillende weerstand tegen desinfecteermiddelen. Bijvoorbeeld, bacterie-sporen zijn veel chemisch resistenter dan lipofiele virussen. 
	b. Hoeveelheid van aanwezig eiwitmateriaal: Bijvoorbeeld, hoge eiwitmaterialen absorberen en neutraliseren sommige chemische desinfecteermiddelen, zoals formaldehyde en quaternaire ammoniumverbindingen. 
	c. Hoeveelheid aanwezig organisch materiaal: Bijvoorbeeld, quaternaire ammoniumverbindingen zijn minder effectief in de aanwezigheid van zeep en detergenten. 
	d. Andere belangrijke factoren omvatten de chemische aard, concentratie, hoeveelheid, pH, toepassingstemperatuur en toxiciteit van de gebruikte desinfecteermiddelen. 
	OPMERKING: Zorg ervoor dat geschikte PPE wordt gedragen bij het werken met chemische desinfecteermiddelen.
	<ol>
		<li>Laagwaardige Desinfecteermiddelen 
		A. Kwartaire Ammonium (QA) Verbindingen: (zoals benzalkoniumchloride, ammoniumchloride) 
		• Effectief tegen Gram+ bacteriën, Gram- bacteriën en omhulde virussen. 
		• NIET effectief tegen niet-omhulde virussen, schimmels en bacterie-sporen. 
		• Bevat NH4+ en zorgen voor goed contact met negatief geladen oppervlakken, waardoor ze goede reinigingsmiddelen zijn. 
		• Laag in toxiciteit maar kunnen irriterend zijn bij langdurige blootstelling. 
		• Gewoonlijk gebruikt op niet-kritieke oppervlakken zoals vloeren, meubels en muren. 
		B. Fenolics: (op O-fenophenoaat gebaseerde verbindingen) 
		• Effectief tegen bacteriën, vooral Gram+ bacteriën en omhulde virussen. 
		• NIET effectief tegen niet-omhulde virussen en sporen. 
		• Compatibel met organische materialen. 
		• Laag in toxiciteit maar kunnen irriterend zijn bij langdurige blootstelling. 
		• Gewoonlijk gebruikt in ziekenhuisomgevingen en laboratoriumoppervlakken.</li>
		<li>Tussenliggende Desinfecteermiddelen 
		A. Alcoholen (zoals ethylalcohol en isopropylalcohol) 
		• Effectief tegen Gram+, Gram- bacteriën en omhulde virussen. 
		• NIET effectief tegen sporen en beperkt effectief tegen niet-omhulde virussen. 
		• Optimale concentratie ligt in het bereik van 60-90%. Activiteit neemt snel af bij verdunning onder 50%. 
		• Gewoonlijk gebruikt in gezondheidszorginstellingen. 
		• Alcoholen zijn ontvlambaar en verdampen snel. 
		B. Halogeen-gebaseerde Biociden: (Chloor-gebaseerde verbindingen en Jodophoren) 
		Chloorverbindingen. 
		• Hypochlorieten zijn de meest gebruikte chloordesinfecteermiddelen. 
		• Effectief tegen zowel omhulde als niet-omhulde virussen, schimmels, bacteriën en algen. 
		• NIET effectief tegen sporen. 
		• Snel geïnactiveerd door organische materie. 
		• Snel gedegradeerd door de hoge oxidatiecapaciteit. 
		C. Jodophoren: Een jodofoor is een combinatie van jodium en een oplosmiddel of drager; het resulterende complex biedt een duurzame vrijlatingsreservoir van jodium en geeft kleine hoeveelheden vrij jodium in waterige oplossing. 
		• Effectief tegen bacteriën, sporen en schimmels. 
		• Heeft langdurige contacttijd nodig. 
		• NIET effectief in de aanwezigheid van organische materie. 
		• Gewoonlijk gebruikt als antiseptica, voor bloedcultuurflessen en medisch apparatuur.</li>
		<li>Hoogwaardige Desinfecteermiddelen 
		A. Oxidatoren en zuren: (Waterstofperoxide, Perazijnzuur) 
		Het effect is niet alleen afhankelijk van de pH. Bijvoorbeeld, zwakke organische zuren zijn krachtiger dan anorganische zuren ondanks de lage dissociatieconstante. 
		Waterstofperoxide: 
		• Effectief tegen omhulde en niet-omhulde virussen, vegetatieve bacteriën, schimmels en bacterie-sporen. 
		• Vaak gebruikt als antisepticum voor het reinigen van wonden en desinfecteren van omgevingsoppervlakken. 
		• Hoge concentratie is schadelijk voor weefsels. 
		Perazijnzuur: 
		• Effectief tegen alle micro-organismen met snelle actie. 
		• Effectief in de aanwezigheid van organische materie en lage temperaturen. 
		• Veilig zonder schadelijke afbraakproducten. 
		• NIET geschikt voor metalen vanwege corrosie. 
		• Gewoonlijk gebruikt in geautomatiseerde machines om medische, chirurgische en tandheelkundige instrumenten te steriliseren. 
		B. Aldehyden (Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde) 
		Formaldehyde: 
		• Gebruikt als desinfecteermiddel en sterilant in zowel gasvormige als vloeibare toestand. 
		• Vaak gebruikt in een 37% oplossing in water, bekend als formaline. 
		• Effectief tegen bacteriën, schimmels, virussen en sporen. 
		• Gevaarlijk met een 8 uur tijdsgewogen blootstellingsgrens van 0,75 ppm.

Om infectieoverdracht te voorkomen en bioveiligheid in het laboratorium te handhaven, is periodieke decontaminatie in het lab belangrijk. Er zijn drie methoden beschikbaar, waaronder chemisch, hitte en straling. Elke methode heeft zijn eigen sterktes en geschikte toepassingen. Bewustzijn van het type micro-organisme in de laboratoriumomgeving is nuttig voor de selectie van een geschikte decontaminatiemethode. Er moeten passende veiligheidsprotocollen worden gehanteerd tijdens de decontaminatieprocedure.

decontaminatie voor bioveiligheid in laboratoria

Robert M. Rioux en Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontaminatie is essentieel voor bioveiligheid in laboratoria, omdat de accumulatie van microbiële besmetting in het laboratorium kan leiden tot de overdracht van ziekten. De mate van decontaminatie kan worden geclassificeerd als desinfectie of sterilisatie. Desinfectie heeft tot doel alle pathogene micro-organismen te elimineren, met uitzondering van bacterieel sporen op laboratoriumoppervlakken of apparatuur. Sterilisatie daarentegen, heeft tot doel al het microbiële leven te elimineren. Er zijn verschillende methoden beschikbaar, waaronder chemicaliën, warmte en straling, en nogmaals afhankelijk van de mate van decontaminatie, evenals de concentratie van de besmettelijke micro-organismen, aanwezigheid van organische materie en het type apparatuur of oppervlak dat gereinigd moet worden. Elke methode heeft zijn voordelen en waarschuwingsmaatregelen die genomen moeten worden om gevaren te voorkomen.

Decontaminatie voor bioveiligheid in laboratoria

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Decontaminatie van laboratoriumruimten is essentieel om de accumulatie en verspreiding van microben te voorkomen die kunnen leiden tot de overdracht van ziekten.Decontaminatie valt in twee categorieën: desinfectie en sterilisatie. Desinfectie omvat het elimineren van bijna alle pathogene micro-organismen, met uitzondering van microbiële sporen op laboratoriumoppervlakken en -apparatuur. Sterilisatie daarentegen is een dodelijker proces en elimineert al het microbiële leven.Decontaminatie wordt uitgevoerd met behulp van verschillende methoden, zoals chemicaliën, hitte of straling. De keuze van de methode hangt af van de mate van besmetting, evenals het type en de concentratie van de verontreiniging.Deze video zal de soorten decontaminatie en de procedures voor desinfectie en sterilisatie van machines, oppervlakken en apparatuur illustreren.Voordat een decontaminatieprocedure wordt vastgesteld, moet het type, de concentratie en de locatie van het micro-organisme worden bepaald. Soorten micro-organismen omvatten Gram-positieve of -negatieve bacteriën; virussen; schimmels; bacteriële sporen; en algen. Zodra het type micro-organisme is vastgesteld, moet een geschikt desinfectiemiddel worden gekozen.Bij het selecteren van een decontaminatiemethode moet de effectiviteit van een desinfectiemiddel worden overwogen, wat afhankelijk is van factoren zoals de chemische samenstelling; de hoeveelheid, concentratie, contacttijd; en temperatuur.Nu we hebben besproken hoe een methode voor decontaminatie kan worden gekozen, laten we de verschillende typen verkennen die voor een daadwerkelijke procedure worden gebruikt.Vloeibare chemicaliën zijn ingedeeld in drie niveaus, als laag-, intermediair- en hooggradig desinfectiemiddel. Ongeacht welke u kiest, draag altijd geschikte persoonlijke beschermingsmiddelen wanneer u met gevaarlijke materialen werkt.De meeste niet-kritische micro-organismen vereisen alleen laaggradige desinfectiemiddelen, die weinig toxisch zijn, maar irritatie veroorzaken bij langdurige blootstelling. Veelvoorkomende laaggradige desinfectiemiddelen zijn quaternaire ammoniumverbindingen, zoals benzalkoniumchloride en ammoniumchloride, en fenolische verbindingen, zoals o-fenylfenol en chloroxylenol.Voor de decontaminatie van meer resistente micro-organismen worden alcohol-gebaseerde chemicaliën gebruikt in gebieden variërend van gezondheidszorg tot laboratoria.Daarnaast worden halogeen-gebaseerde verbindingen, zoals hypochlorieten en jodoforen, vaak toegepast als antiseptica en desinfectiemiddelen van medische apparatuur. Deze middelen hebben echter langere contacttijden en hun effectiviteit neemt af in aanwezigheid van organische stoffen.Hooggradige desinfectiemiddelen, die kunnen worden geclassificeerd als oxidatoren, zuren en aldehyden, worden gebruikt als decontaminatie van alle micro-organismen vereist is.Oxidatoren zoals waterstofperoxide zijn snelwerkend en worden vaak gebruikt als antiseptica voor wondreiniging en om omgevingsoppervlakken zoals werkbladen te desinfecteren. Maar wees voorzichtig, want blootstelling aan hoge concentraties waterstofperoxide kan schadelijk zijn voor weefsel en luchtwegen.Perazijnzuur wordt over het algemeen gebruikt om geautomatiseerde machines te desinfecteren en om medische, chirurgische en tandheelkundige instrumenten te steriliseren. Het voordeel van perazijnzuur en andere oxidatoren is een korte contacttijd; echter kan het gebruik van het te desinfecteren materiaal beperkt zijn, bijvoorbeeld door corrosie van metalen in zuren.Aldehyden daarentegen, zoals formaldehyde of glutaraldehyde, zijn niet-corrosief, maar zijn nog steeds gevaarlijk. Deze chemicaliën worden gebruikt om verschillende soorten apparatuur te steriliseren, maar lijden aan een lange contacttijd.Naast vloeibare chemicaliën kunnen ook gasvormige chemicaliën worden gebruikt voor decontaminatiedoeleinden. Gassen zoals chloordioxide en ethyleenoxide, evenals vervloeibaard waterstofperoxide en perazijnzuur worden vaak gebruikt om gesloten apparatuur, zoals bioveiligheidskasten, te ontdoen van bacteriën, virussen en sporen.Naast chemicaliën is warmte een veelgebruikte fysieke agent voor de decontaminatie van pathogenen.Er zijn twee vormen van warmte. "Droge" warmte wordt gebruikt onder omstandigheden van 160 tot 170 graden Celsius gedurende 2 tot 4 uur om glaswerk te desinfecteren, maar het is niet geschikt voor hittegevoelige materialen. Aan de andere kant wordt "natte" warmte, ook bekend als autoclavage, gebruikt door monsters en apparatuur slechts 120 graden Celsius te verwarmen gedurende 30 tot 60 minuten onder hoge druk.Naast warmte wordt ultraviolette straling in het golflengtebereik van 250 tot 270 nanometer vaak gebruikt voor decontaminatie. Deze methode is effectief tegen bacteriën en virussen, maar niet tegen sporen, en wordt gebruikt om lucht, water en oppervlakken zoals in biologische veiligheidskasten te decontamineren. Bovendien kan UV-licht in dit bereik brandwonden op de huid en ogen veroorzaken, dus moet geschikte PPE worden gedragen.Je hebt zojuist JoVE's introductie tot Decontaminatie voor Laboratoriumveiligheid bekeken. Je zou nu de verschillende soorten microbiële verontreinigingen moeten begrijpen, hoe je een geschikte methode kiest en de soorten desinfectie en sterilisatie die beschikbaar zijn. Bedankt voor het bekijken!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Basisbiologie

Lab Safety

Laboratoriumveiligheid

lab cleaning methods for biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment.

Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment. Sterilization is the more complete step, because it aims to eliminate all microbial life.

Several methods can be used, including chemicals, heat, and radiation. The best choice depends on the level of decontamination needed, the concentration of the microorganisms, the presence of organic matter, and the type of surface or equipment being cleaned. Each method has benefits, and each also requires caution to avoid hazards.

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

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chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

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safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

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handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

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proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

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fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

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Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

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proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

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operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

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Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

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decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

This collection provides safety guidelines to be followed when working with hazardous materials and equipment. It covers universal topics such as PPE, electrical safety, and general emergency guidelines, as well as some specific safety procedures for chemistry and biology laboratories.

Learn how decontamination supports lab biosafety through disinfection and sterilization using chemicals, heat, or radiation on lab surfaces and equipment.

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety | JoVE K12

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Choosing a Decontamination Method

Disinfecting with Liquid Chemicals

Disinfecting with Gaseous Chemicals

Decontamination with Heat or Radiation

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

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Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

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