Avian Influenza
Avian Influenza - Related Videos
12:09
Avian Influenza Surveillance with FTA Cards: Field Methods, Biosafety, and Transportation Issues Solved
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Cited by 42 •
2011
A method to preserve, detect and sequence RNA from Avian Influenza Viruses was validated and extended using natural faecal samples from birds. This technique removes the necessity of maintaining a cool chain and handling of infectious viruses and can be applied in a 96-well high-throughput setup.
08:46
Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
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Cited by 20 •
2011
This study describes diagnosis of avian influenza in wild birds using a portable rRT-PCR system. The method takes advantage of freeze-dried reagents to screen wild birds in a non-laboratory setting, typical of an outbreak scenario. Use of molecular tools provides accurate and sensitive alternatives for rapid diagnosis.
09:31
Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
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Cited by 56 •
2017
We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.
01:31
Determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Enrofloxacin Against Avian Pathogenic E. coli
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2026
Begin with a suspension of avian pathogenic E. coli or APEC in growth media.APEC is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects poultry by entering through the respiratory tract.After breaching the mucosal layer, APEC adhere to epithelial cells, multiply locally, and disrupt the epithelial barrier to enter the bloodstream. The bacteria then spread to multiple organs, causing systemic infection.Add an equal volume of the bacterial suspension to each well of a multi-well plate containing increasing...
10:05
High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus
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Cited by 8 •
2012
This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires <10 μl volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.
FAQs
Host range is influenced by how hemagglutinin, a viral surface protein, binds sialic acid receptors on host cells. This interaction helps determine whether the virus can attach to and enter particular cells. Because receptor interactions affect cell entry, studying them helps explain differences in host susceptibility and supports assessment of whether avian influenza strains could infect mammals, including humans.
The segmented RNA genome allows genetic material to change through mutation or reassortment, in which genome segments can be reorganized. These changes may alter the virus's host range or the severity of disease it causes. Monitoring genetic variation is therefore important for interpreting the emergence of strains with different biological properties and for guiding surveillance and control efforts.
Disease severity varies among avian influenza strains. Some produce mild illness, whereas highly pathogenic forms can cause severe disease and mortality in poultry. This difference has major biological and agricultural consequences because the clinical outcome affects flock health, the urgency of outbreak control, and the need to evaluate how genetic changes may influence pathogenicity.
Transmission can occur through respiratory secretions and fecal contamination. These routes allow infectious material to move between birds or contaminate environments associated with poultry production. Understanding both pathways is essential for designing biosecurity measures and outbreak-control strategies, since limiting contact with respiratory material and contaminated waste can reduce opportunities for the virus to spread.
Surveillance provides information about where viruses are present and how their characteristics may be changing. By tracking avian influenza in wild birds and poultry, investigators can identify strains associated with different disease outcomes, monitor genetic changes or reassortment, and assess possible shifts in host range. These findings support outbreak control and evaluation of mammalian infection risk.
Research on avian influenza contributes to vaccine development while also examining the possibility of infection in mammals, including humans. Viral replication, receptor binding, genetic change, and observed disease severity provide biological context for these efforts. Together, these areas connect basic biology with agricultural protection and public-health decisions concerning emerging or changing strains.