Sub-nanoliter Mixing
Sub-nanoliter Mixing - Related Videos
09:32
LabVIEW-operated Novel Nanoliter Osmometer for Ice Binding Protein Investigations
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Cited by 66 •
2013
Ice binding proteins (IBPs), also known as antifreeze proteins, inhibit ice growth and are a promising additive for use in the cryopreservation of tissues. The main tool used to investigate IBPs is the nanoliter osmometer. We developed a home-designed cooling stage mounted on an optical microscope and controlled using a custom-built LabVIEW routine. The nanoliter osmometer described here manipulated the sample temperature in an ultra-sensitive manner.
05:06
Tumor Allotransplantation in Drosophila melanogaster with a Programmable Auto-Nanoliter Injector
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Cited by 10 •
2021
This protocol provides detailed guidance for the initial and continued generational allotransplantation of Drosophila tumors into the abdomen of adult hosts for studying various aspects of neoplasia. Using an autoinjector apparatus, researchers can achieve improved efficiency and tumor yields compared to those achieved by traditional, manual methods.
01:22
Mixed Strategies
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2025
In game theory, mixed strategies involve players choosing their actions randomly from a set of available options. This approach contrasts with pure strategies, where players select a specific action with certainty. Mixed strategies become relevant in scenarios where there is no pure strategy equilibrium. A mixed-strategies Nash equilibrium occurs when players adopt strategies so that no one can benefit by unilaterally changing their own strategy, given the strategies of the others. In this...
01:30
Mixing Concrete
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2024
Concrete mixing ensures a homogenous blend where aggregates are well-coated with cement paste. Concrete mixing is typically done using two main types of mixers: batch and continuous. Batch mixers handle one batch at a time, thoroughly combining materials before discharging and receiving the next batch. In contrast, continuous mixers receive a steady flow of ingredients, mixing them consistently and discharging without interruption. Within batch mixers, tilting drum mixers mix with internal...
01:19
Mixing Time
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2024
The concept of mixing time is significant in producing a uniform concrete mix with the required strength. The mixing period starts once all components are in the mixer. Initially, the mixer is charged with 10% of the water, followed by the consistent addition of solids and then 80% of the water. The remaining water is added later, within the first quarter of the mixing period. The minimum mixing time varies according to the mixer's capacity; for example, mixers with up to 1 cubic yard capacity...
FAQs
Diffusion alone becomes slow when molecules must encounter one another, even across short liquid distances. Microfluidic designs address this limitation by combining narrow channels or confined droplets with flow-generated advection, the bulk movement of liquid. As interfaces stretch and rearrange, reagents contact one another more rapidly, supporting precise timing for biochemical reactions and fast biological processes.
Confined droplets and engineered interfaces help shorten the paths that molecules must travel before encountering one another. Interfacial stretching further rearranges the boundary between reagents as liquid moves, promoting contact within a very small volume. In biological assays, this geometry can improve control over when reaction components meet without requiring larger quantities of scarce samples or reagents.
Pressure-driven and electrokinetic flow provide two ways to move liquid through a microfluidic system and generate advection. In either case, motion can reduce reliance on diffusion by transporting reagents and deforming their interfaces. Their shared contribution is improved mixing control at very small scales, allowing researchers to coordinate biochemical reactions while using less sample and reagent than larger-volume formats.
Mixing outcomes depend on geometry and transport conditions. Narrow channels and confined droplets shorten diffusion paths, while pressure-driven or electrokinetic flow adds advection and can stretch interfaces. These features determine how quickly reagents encounter one another and how tightly a researcher can control reaction timing. Optimizing them is therefore important for reproducible biochemical assays and studies of rapid processes.
A typical workflow uses a microfluidic device to bring biological liquids into a narrow channel or confined droplet. Researchers then apply pressure-driven or electrokinetic flow so advection and interfacial stretching promote contact between components. The resulting small-volume mixture can support a biochemical assay, enabling controlled reactions while conserving limited biological material and reagent supplies.
It supports miniaturized biochemical assays, single-cell analysis, molecular analysis, reaction optimization, and high-throughput screening. The small format is valuable when biological material or reagents are scarce, because experiments can conserve both while preserving precise control over reactions. These applications make the technique relevant to studies requiring many conditions, sensitive experiments, or observations of events occurring on short timescales.
By controlling when and how reagents contact one another, the approach can reveal reaction behavior with greater temporal control. It allows researchers to compare reaction conditions using reduced sample volumes, which is useful for optimization and high-throughput screening. Combining controlled contact, lower consumption, and miniaturized assay formats can make more experimental conditions practical when biological material is limited.