Xenobiotic Metabolism
Xenobiotic Metabolism - Related Videos
09:21
Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging
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Cited by 2 •
2020
This method uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to understand metabolic processes in S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. The method allows the spatial localization of compounds of interest and their predicted metabolites within specific, intact tissues.
08:08
Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model
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Cited by 56 •
2013
The ex vivo dual recirculating human placental perfusion model can be used to investigate the transfer of xenobiotics and nanoparticles across the human placenta. In this video protocol we describe the equipment and techniques required for a successful execution of a placenta perfusion.
06:04
LC-MS Analysis of Human Platelets as a Platform for Studying Mitochondrial Metabolism
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Cited by 7 •
2016
Here we show isolated human platelets can be used as an accessible ex vivo model to study metabolic adaptations in response to the complex I inhibitor rotenone. This approach employs isotopic tracing and relative quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and can be applied to a variety of study designs.
05:41
Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos
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Cited by 42 •
2013
Zebrafish represent a powerful vertebrate model that has been under-utilised for metabolic studies. Here we describe a rapid way to measure the in vivo metabolic profile of developing zebrafish that allows the comparison of different mitochondrial function parameters between genetically or pharmacologically manipulated embryos, thereby increasing the applicability of this organism.
00:52
What is Metabolism?
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2019
Overview Metabolism represents all of the chemical activity in a cell, including reactions that build molecules (anabolism) and those that break molecules down (catabolism). Anabolic reactions require energy, whereas catabolic reactions provide it. Thus, metabolism describes how cells transform energy through a variety of chemical reactions, which are often made more efficient with the help of enzymes. Metabolism Is the Sum of All of the Chemical Reactions That Take Place in an Organism
FAQs
Initial oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis can introduce or expose functional groups on a foreign chemical. A later conjugation step may attach glucuronide or sulfate, generally increasing water solubility. Transporters then support excretion. This sequence can change a compound’s activity and distribution, not merely remove it, because each stage may produce a pharmacologically different form.
In pharmacology, liver cytochrome P450 enzymes commonly carry out transformations that introduce or expose functional groups. These reactions can prepare a drug or other xenobiotic for subsequent conjugation, although metabolism does not guarantee inactivation. Depending on the compound, the transformed product may lose activity, become active as a prodrug, or form a reactive metabolite associated with toxicity.
Metabolic outcome depends on the chemical form generated and its biological consequences. Transformation may terminate a compound’s activity, convert a prodrug into an active form, or create a reactive metabolite that contributes to toxicity. This distinction matters when interpreting drug effects: disappearance of the parent compound does not by itself show that pharmacological or harmful activity has ended.
Conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate can increase the water solubility of a transformed compound, making handling and removal more favorable. Transporters then support excretion of the resulting species. Their coordinated action connects chemical transformation with disposition: a molecule may undergo enzymatic change yet still require conjugation and transporter activity before the body can eliminate it efficiently.
Pharmacologists use metabolic information to evaluate how a candidate’s activity may change after enzymatic transformation, whether a prodrug can be activated, and whether reactive metabolites could contribute to toxicity. These considerations also inform dose selection and drug-interaction assessment. They help connect a compound’s chemical processing with expected therapeutic effects, safety concerns, and differences in patient response.
They can help explain why patients may not experience identical effects from the same compound. Differences in the extent or outcome of enzymatic transformation can alter activity, distribution, and elimination, while formation of active or reactive products may change efficacy or risk. In pharmacology, this information supports prediction of response variability rather than assuming that one metabolic profile fits everyone.