77 Kelvin
77 Kelvin - Related Videos
01:22
Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
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2023
The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
10:49
Surface Potential Measurement of Bacteria Using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
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Cited by 17 •
2014
Here, we present a protocol explaining the use of Kelvin probe force microscopy as a tool for generating high resolution nano-scale surface potential maps. This tool was applied to assess the role of surface potential on the binding capacity of microorganisms to substrate surfaces.
06:45
Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Biological Samples at Ambient Temperature and 77 K
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Cited by 21 •
2019
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an unambiguous method to measure free radicals. The use of selective spin probes allows for detection of free radicals in different cellular compartments. We present a practical, efficient method to collect biological samples that facilitate treating, storing, and transferring samples for EPR measurements.
12:18
Co-localizing Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Other Microscopies and Spectroscopies: Selected Applications in Corrosion Characterization of Alloys
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Cited by 3 •
2022
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measures surface topography and differences in surface potential, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and associated spectroscopies can elucidate surface morphology, composition, crystallinity, and crystallographic orientation. Accordingly, the co-localization of SEM with KPFM can provide insight into the effects of nanoscale composition and surface structure on corrosion.
06:06
A Simple Dewar/Cryostat for Thermally Equilibrating Samples at Known Temperatures for Accurate Cryogenic Luminescence Measurements
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2016
A simple liquid nitrogen Dewar/cryostat apparatus comprised of a small fused silica optical Dewar, a thermocouple, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrograph are described. The experiments for which this Dewar/cryostat is designed require fast sample loading, freezing, and alignment, accurate and stable sample temperatures, and small size/portability.
FAQs
The Kelvin scale provides a direct reference for a low absolute thermal-energy state. Lowering temperature reduces the thermal energy available in a material or device, allowing researchers to examine behavior under cryogenic rather than ordinary laboratory conditions. In this context, 77 K serves as a defined physical condition for studying and comparing low-temperature responses.
As liquid nitrogen vaporizes, it absorbs heat from its surroundings while remaining near its normal boiling condition at atmospheric pressure. This heat-absorption mechanism removes thermal energy from nearby systems, making the liquid useful for cooling superconducting materials, infrared detectors, sensors, and electronic components during cryogenic experiments.
The 77 K condition provides access to cryogenic experiments without the added complexity associated with colder helium systems. Researchers can investigate low-temperature behavior using a practical nitrogen-based reference instead of requiring the coldest available laboratory conditions. This makes the temperature valuable for routine testing of materials, devices, and cryogenic technologies.
Cooling superconducting materials to 77 K allows researchers to examine how those materials behave under substantially reduced thermal energy. The same cryogenic environment supports tests of infrared detectors, sensors, and electronic components. Consequently, 77 K connects investigations of material behavior with practical evaluation of components designed to operate under low-temperature conditions.
Infrared detectors, sensors, electronic components, and superconducting materials are among the systems that can be studied or cooled near 77 K. The reduced thermal environment helps researchers evaluate their low-temperature behavior and supports laboratory testing without relying on colder helium-based conditions. The temperature therefore serves both device research and materials investigation.
Researchers can treat 77 K as a reference condition when evaluating cryogenic technologies and materials. Testing at this temperature provides a common point for examining component behavior under reduced thermal energy and for assessing systems cooled with liquid nitrogen. Its practical availability also makes it useful for comparing laboratory designs before considering more demanding colder environments.