Name: preventing lab electric shock and fires
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:56:27.000Z
Duration: 4 min 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Electrical Safety

1. Preparação para riscos elétricos
<ol><li>Conheça a localização do painel de controle elétrico do laboratório e saiba como desligar a energia em caso de emergência. Localize a caixa do disjuntor no laboratório e identifique o circuito no qual o equipamento eletrificado está conectado. Todos os disjuntores devem ser rotulados adequadamente, identificando a área de laboratório ou equipamentos específicos com os quais está associado.</li>
	<li>Esteja familiarizado com o tipo e localização dos extintores de incêndio em caso de incêndio elétrico. Incêndios elétricos (também conhecidos como incêndios classe C) requerem um extintor contendo dióxido de carbono. A localização do extintor de incêndio deve ser marcada em cima ou com sinalização de piso com setas apontando para o local. De acordo com a OSHA, as 4 etapas-chave para o uso adequado de um extintor são3: a. Pull o pino. b. Umim o bocal em direção à base do fogo. c. Squeeze o gatilho para controlar a liberação do agente. d. Schorar de um lado para o outro.</li>
	<li>Inspecione periodicamente todos os equipamentos elétricos de laboratório para garantir que todos os equipamentos e seus fios internos e periféricos associados estejam em condições privilegiadas de trabalho. Se algum fio estiver em más condições, mande-os reparados ou substituídos por um eletricista qualificado. Pode ser vantajoso ter membros do grupo designados para esta tarefa com os resultados de sua investigação fornecidos em um livro de registro associado ao instrumento.</li>
</ol>2. Evitar choque elétrico
<ol><li>Nunca toque em eletrônicos com mãos molhadas ou materiais molhados.</li>
	<li>Verifique se todos os cabos de alimentação estão em boas condições antes de ligar a energia. Não devem ser utilizados cabos desgastados ou fios expostos. Tenha o cabo reparado ou substituído por um eletricista qualificado.</li>
	<li>Mantenha os fios longe de produtos químicos corrosivos e solventes orgânicos para evitar a erosão do isolamento nos fios.</li>
	<li>Substitua tomadas, plugues e juntas danificados ou quebrados imediatamente para evitar danos adicionais. Não tente forçar um plugue em uma tomada na qual ela não se encaixa.</li>
	<li>Desligue a energia e desligue o cabo de alimentação antes de abrir a tampa para quaisquer dispositivos elétricos. Esteja ciente de que alguns capacitores ainda podem ser carregados mesmo horas depois de remover a tampa.</li>
	<li>Só use equipamentos com plugues de aterramento no laboratório. Os principais plugues usados para equipamentos de laboratório incluem terra única com solo de segurança, trifásico com solo de segurança, centro em fase única, central de fase única, com solo de segurança e trifásico com campo de segurança neutro. Nunca force um plugue em uma tomada. Verifique se eles são companheiros apropriados.</li>
	<li>Nunca use cabos de extensão para equipamentos de laboratório permanentes, exceto para computadores pessoais ou uso temporário. Use protetores de surto para proteger dispositivos elétricos contra picos de tensão. Evite "corrente de margarida" de cabos de extensão.</li>
	<li>Nunca correr o risco de reparar problemas elétricos desconhecidos. Peça aos trabalhadores elétricos qualificados para inspecionar ou reparar quaisquer problemas elétricos desconhecidos.</li>
	<li>Nunca toque em uma pessoa que está sendo eletricamente chocada porque você vai agir como um canal para a eletricidade chegar ao solo. Ligue para o 911 imediatamente. Certifique-se de sua segurança primeiro e, em seguida, desligue a energia se possível ou use material não condutor, como madeira, vidro ou borracha para afastar a pessoa do contato elétrico.</li>
</ol>3. Evitar fogo elétrico ou explosão
<ol><li>Não sobrecarregue um circuito. Se um circuito estiver sobrecarregado, a potência, a corrente e a tensão podem exceder o valor nominal e levar a um incêndio. Se você não conseguir determinar os valores avaliados, consulte uma pessoa que pode determinar se a carga atual do circuito excede o máximo recomendado.</li>
	<li>Armazene produtos químicos inflamáveis e explosivos longe de dispositivos elétricos. As faíscas geradas por dispositivos elétricos podem causar incêndio ou uma explosão com produtos químicos inflamáveis e explosivos nas proximidades.</li>
	<li>Certifique-se de que todos os dispositivos elétricos estejam longe das fontes de ponto quente (ou seja,uma chama aberta) para evitar o derretimento e o fogo elétrico.</li>
	<li>Em caso de incêndio elétrico, primeiro saia da área e ligue imediatamente para o 911. Puxe o alarme de incêndio mais conveniente e desligue a fonte de energia principal, se for seguro e possível. Nunca use água ou extintor de espuma condutivo. Use areia ou um extintor de dióxido de carbono.</li>
</ol>

Dispositivos elétricos estão por toda parte no laboratório. É essencial seguir os princípios de segurança elétrica para evitar choques elétricos, fogo elétrico ou explosão. Esteja preparado sobre quais medidas devem ser tomadas em caso de emergência. Identifique e marque a localização dos extintores de incêndio no laboratório. Certifique-se de usar um extintor destinado a um incêndio classe C. Lembre-se sempre de chegar à segurança pessoal primeiro e, em seguida, desligar a energia para quaisquer dispositivos elétricos c...

segurança elétrica

Robert M. Rioux & Suprita Jharimune, Universidade Estadual da Pensilvânia, Parque Universitário, PA
Entre os muitos perigos presentes no laboratório, os riscos elétricos são um dos mais comuns que devemos estar cientes, já que a maioria dos equipamentos de laboratório que usamos requer eletricidade para operação. O manuseio inadequado ou a operação de dispositivos elétricos podem levar a choque elétrico com o risco potencial de ferimentos ou até mesmo morte. Faíscas elétricas podem levar a fogo ou explosão (já que muitos produtos químicos inflamáveis podem ser armazenados nas proximidades para instrumentação eletrificada). Portanto, o conhecimento sobre segurança elétrica e o que fazer em caso de emergência é essencial para o pessoal do laboratório. Precauções podem ser empregadas quando se trabalha em laboratório para evitar choque elétrico e fogo elétrico ou explosão.

Segurança Elétrica

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

O manuseio seguro de equipamentos elétricos é tão importante quanto o manuseio de materiais químicos, no entanto, a natureza perigosa dos dispositivos elétricos é frequentemente negligenciada. A operação inadequada de dispositivos movidos a eletricidade pode causar ferimentos ou morte por choque elétrico. Além disso, faíscas elétricas no laboratório podem levar a incêndios ou explosões, especialmente quando produtos químicos altamente inflamáveis ou potencialmente explosivos são colocados nas proximidades. A prevenção de acidentes elétricos envolve a inspeção da fiação elétrica, mantendo os cabos de alimentação a distâncias seguras de água ou produtos químicos e consciência situacional. Este vídeo ilustrará as precauções necessárias a serem tomadas antes de usar dispositivos elétricos e os procedimentos usados para prevenir ou lidar com acidentes relacionados a choques e incêndios elétricos. Antes de ligar qualquer dispositivo elétrico, certifique-se de que o cabo de alimentação esteja em boas condições. Não use o dispositivo com um cabo desgastado ou fios expostos. Certifique-se de que o dispositivo esteja em uma superfície resistente, livre de desordem ou detritos para evitar que caia. Além disso, mantenha produtos químicos inflamáveis e corrosivos a uma distância segura das tomadas elétricas. Familiarize-se com o desligamento elétrico de emergência e a caixa do disjuntor no caso de um dispositivo precisar ser desligado. Rotule adequadamente os circuitos aos quais cada tomada elétrica está conectada. Inspecione todos os equipamentos elétricos do laboratório regularmente, verificando as condições da fiação. Em caso de fio danificado ou dispositivo defeituoso, substitua as peças por pessoal experiente imediatamente. Para evitar choque elétrico, mantenha os dispositivos conectados longe de pias ou banheiras cheias de água e evite tocá-los com as mãos molhadas. Além disso, use apenas dispositivos elétricos equipados com um plugue de aterramento. Evite forçar um plugue em uma tomada mal ajustada e substitua quaisquer soquetes ou plugues danificados. Sempre use protetores contra surtos para proteger dispositivos elétricos contra voltage picos e nunca use cabos de extensão para equipamentos de laboratório permanentes. Incêndios elétricos podem ser causados pelo contato com produtos químicos inflamáveis, mas também por circuitos sobrecarregados. Não use mais do que dois dispositivos elétricos por tomada ou use protetores contra surtos para evitar sobrecarga. Além disso, mantenha os dispositivos elétricos longe de chamas abertas para evitar o derretimento do fio. Saiba sempre a localização do extintor de incêndio. Em caso de pequeno incêndio elétrico, use um extintor de CO2 ou areia. Se for necessário usar um extintor de incêndio, siga a regra PASS. Puxe o pino primeiro. Em seguida, pegue o bico e aponte para a base do fogo e aperte o gatilho. Varra lentamente o bico de um lado para o outro para cobrir a área de queima. Em caso de incêndio de grandes dimensões, soe o alarme de incêndio, saia imediatamente da área e ligue para o 911. Se um funcionário do laboratório tiver sofrido um choque elétrico, certifique-se de que a energia esteja desligada e ligue para o 911. Não toque na vítima com a pele nua para evitar agir como um canal para a eletricidade chegar ao solo. Sempre use materiais não condutores, como madeira, vidro ou borracha, para ajudar a pessoa com eletrochoque. Você acabou de assistir à introdução da JoVE à segurança elétrica. Agora você deve entender as salvaguardas contra riscos de segurança elétrica, como estar preparado em caso de acidente, o que fazer para evitar choque elétrico e incêndios elétricos. Obrigado por assistir!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biologia Básica

Lab Safety

Segurança em Laboratório

preventing lab electric shock and fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death.

Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing how to use electrical equipment safely, and how to respond in an emergency, is essential for preventing shock, fire, and explosion.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

Vacuum pumps are used in many laboratory procedures that need low pressure. They help create vacuum conditions for experiments and equipment that must run below normal atmospheric pressure. In the lab, vacuum pumps are the most common way to achieve this low-pressure environment. They can also support rapid changes in the atmosphere inside a reactor or flask. This is done by evacuating the vessel and then backfilling it with another gas.

operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

Esta coleção fornece diretrizes de segurança a serem seguidas ao trabalhar com materiais e equipamentos perigosos. Abrange temas universais como EPI, segurança elétrica e orientações gerais de emergência, além de alguns procedimentos específicos de segurança para laboratórios de química e biologia.

Learn how electrical hazards in the lab can cause shock, fire, or explosion, and why safe handling of powered equipment matters for high school labs.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Suprita Jharimune

Pennsylvania State University

Overview

Before Powering Up

Avoiding Electrical Shock

In Case of an Emergency

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

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