Name: choosing the right lab ppe
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:59:19.000Z
Duration: 5 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

1. EPI mínimo
<ol><li>Ao entrar em um laboratório, deve-se usar um mínimo de EPI. Isso inclui óculos de segurança (discutidos mais tarde), calças compridas e sapatos de dedo fechado. Isso fornece proteção básica contra riscos gerais em laboratório. Além disso, os cabelos longos devem ser amarrados para trás e joias pendentes não devem ser usadas.</li>
</ol>2. Luvas
<ol><li>Suas mãos são muitas vezes as partes do corpo mais próximas dos perigos no laboratório. Luvas são, portanto, uma parte essencial de EPI adequado. No entanto, pode nem sempre ser imediatamente óbvio quais luvas são adequadas para a tarefa que está sendo realizada. Uma avaliação de risco da tarefa pode ajudar a determinar o par correto de luvas a usar. A avaliação de risco precisa considerar o seguinte:<ol>
<li>Química: A natureza química do perigo é muito importante na escolha das luvas apropriadas. Os materiais comuns para luvas quimicamente resistentes incluem borracha butil, látex, neoprena, borracha nitrílica, polietileno, álcool polivinil e cloreto de polivinil. A escolha do material adequado pode ser feita facilmente consultando um gráfico de compatibilidade química (Ansell Occupational Healthcare, 2008). Nenhum material é 100% resistente a um produto químico. Um produto químico permeará todos os materiais, apenas a taxas diferentes. Ao consultar um gráfico de compatibilidade química da luva, o tempo de avanço deve ser observado. Este é o tempo que leva para um produto químico viajar completamente através de uma luva inicialmente nãousada. As luvas devem ser trocadas de acordo quando trabalhar por períodos maiores do que o tempo de avanço. Se uma luva rasgar ou for perfurada, a luva deve ser removida e substituída imediatamente. Furos na luva permitem penetração direta de produtos químicos através da luva, fazendo com que a luva seja ineficaz.</li>
		<li>Físico: Os perigos físicos podem incluir temperaturas criogênicas ou elevadas, agudos e forças mecânicas.</li>
		<li>Temperaturas criogênicas: Para temperaturas criogênicas, luvas criogênicas são apropriadas. As luvas criogênicas variam do pulso ao comprimento do ombro e são frequentemente feitas de uma superfície externa de nylon e superfície interna de poliéster. O comprimento deve ser escolhido com base em avaliações adicionais da tarefa. O manuseio de nitrogênio líquido é uma rota comum de exposição a temperaturas criogênicas.</li>
		<li>Temperaturas elevadas: Para temperaturas elevadas, luvas resistentes ao calor são apropriadas. Luvas resistentes ao calor vêm em formas, tamanhos e materiais variados. Luvas resistentes ao calor básicos são frequentemente feitas de algodão, enquanto luvas resistentes ao calor mais avançadas são feitas de materiais como borracha nitrílica e Kevlar. Ao escolher luvas resistentes ao calor, certifique-se de que a temperatura com a qual você está trabalhando esteja dentro da faixa de operação das luvas.</li>
		<li>Sharps: Ao manusear agulhas, lâminas, lâminas ou qualquer outro tipo de item que possa cortar ou perfurar a pele, devem ser usadas luvas resistentes a cortes e perfurações. Materiais comuns incluem Kevlar e couro. Luvas resistentes a cortes e punção geralmente apresentam placas inseridas.</li>
		<li>Forças mecânicas: Luvas resistentes ao impacto devem ser usadas para proteção contra forças mecânicas. Luvas resistentes ao impacto são feitas com estofamento adicionado, como espuma ou camadas de gel.</li>
		<li>Radiação: Ao manusear com ou trabalhar perto de material radioativo, luvas de atenuação de radiação são apropriadas. Luvas de borracha com chumbo são eficazes para proteger as mãos da radiação (melhor com espessura crescente), mas são pesadas e difíceis de trabalhar. Alternativas comuns ao chumbo incluem titânio, bismuto e tungstênio. Embora não seja tão eficaz na blindagem da radiação como o chumbo, os materiais alternativos não têm que ser descartados como resíduos perigosos como é exigido de chumbo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. Proteção facial
<ol><li>A proteção facial foi projetada para proteger os olhos e pulmões de respingos químicos, vapores químicos, pós aéreos, partículas voadoras, radiação de luz intensa, calor e gases nocivos. Existem vários tipos de protetores de uso facial que estão disponíveis para evitar danos aos olhos e pulmões, incluindo óculos, óculos, escudos faciais, respiradores e máscaras de gás. A escolha do desgaste facial adequado deve ser feita com base nos tipos de perigos associados à tarefa em questão. Os óculos de segurança fazem parte do EPI mínimo necessário para entrar em um espaço de laboratório. Os óculos de segurança necessários devem aderir à NORMA ANSI Z87.1. Eles devem ter escudos laterais, ser resistentes ao impacto, fornecer proteção contra partículas voadoras e fornecer proteção básica contra respingos químicos.</li>
</ol>A tabela 1 abaixo apresenta escolhas apropriadas de desgaste facial protetor para um determinado perigo. Dependendo da gravidade do perigo, podem ser escolhidos diferentes níveis de proteção.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Perigo</td>
			<td>Método</td>
			<td>Fonte</td>
			<td>Proteção</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Químico</td>
			<td>Chapinhar</td>
			<td>Líquidos, ácidos/bases, soluções</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos, escudo facial</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vapor/gás</td>
			<td>Solventes voláteis/sólidos, gases</td>
			<td>Óculos, respirador de gás facial completo</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pó</td>
			<td>Partículas aéreas</td>
			<td>Pós finos, nanopartículas, lixamento, serragem</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos com respirador de partículas, respirador de partículas facial completo</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Impacto</td>
			<td>Partículas voadoras, fragmentos, objetos</td>
			<td>Serrar, pistolas de pregos</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos, escudo facial</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Radiação de luz</td>
			<td rowspan="3">UV, IR, radiação visível</td>
			<td>Soldagem de tochas, soldagem de arco, solda de tocha</td>
			<td>Óculos de soldagem, escudo facial de soldagem de sombra apropriada</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Radiação UV, IR</td>
			<td>Óculos</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clarão</td>
			<td>Óculos coloridos</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Calor</td>
			<td>Partículas voadoras, fragmentos, faíscas</td>
			<td>Moagem, trabalho quente</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos, escudo facial</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chapinhar</td>
			<td>Metal derretido, sais, solventes quentes</td>
			<td>Óculos, escudo facial</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exposição</td>
			<td>Chamas, objetos quentes</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos, escudo facial</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biológico</td>
			<td>Partículas aéreas</td>
			<td>Amostra biológica</td>
			<td>Óculos, óculos, escudo facial, óculos com respirador de partículas, respirador de partículas de rosto completo</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>Tabela 1: Seleção adequada de proteção ocular para um determinado tipo de perigo.
<ol start="2"><li>Óculos comuns não são proteção facial apropriada quando em laboratório. Os óculos fornecem proteção muito limitada contra respingos e normalmente não são resistentes ao impacto. Os óculos de segurança prescritos podem ser obtidos ou o uso facial protetor pode ser usado sobre óculos.</li>
</ol>4. Corpo
<ol><li>Jalecos e aventais são usados para proteger seu corpo de perigos no laboratório. Os jalecos devem ser feitos a partir de material retardador de chama, abotoado e bem equipado. Jalecos de laboratório que estão desabotoados ou muito soltos correm o risco de serem pegos em coisas no laboratório. Quando é necessária mais proteção, um avental de borracha é usado. Aventais de borracha não absorverão respingos e fornecerão melhor proteção contra o calor.</li>
</ol>5. Audiência
<ol><li>A proteção do ouvido é necessária quando exposta a ruídos altos ou ruídos contínuos por longos períodos de tempo. Dependendo do nível de ruído, devem ser usados tampões de ouvido ou earmuffs.</li>
</ol>

equipamento de proteção individual adequado

Robert M. Rioux & William A Elliott, Universidade Estadual da Pensilvânia, University Park, PA
Os perigos são muitos e variados em laboratório, mas a escolha certa de EPI pode fazer do laboratório um lugar seguro para trabalhar.

Equipamento de proteção individual adequado

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Existem muitos perigos no laboratório, mas a escolha certa do equipamento de proteção individual pode torná-lo um local mais seguro para trabalhar. O equipamento de proteção individual, ou EPI, ajuda a proteger as pessoas dos perigos. Inclui trajes de laboratório adequados, bem como itens como luvas, óculos de segurança, protetores faciais e jalecos. O EPI que você usa depende do perigo específico presente. Além disso, equipamentos especializados são necessários para situações como frio extremo, calor extremo e radioatividade. Neste vídeo, mostraremos como se vestir para o laboratório, bem como alguns EPIs especializados. Ao entrar em um laboratório, use o EPI mínimo. Isso inclui uma camisa de manga comprida, calças compridas e sapatos fechados. Use um jaleco retardador de chamas, que caiba bem e seja abotoado, pois os casacos soltos correm o risco de ficar presos em objetos. Se você precisar de mais proteção contra respingos ou calor, use um avental de borracha. Sempre use óculos de segurança no laboratório. Eles devem ter proteções laterais, ser resistentes a impactos e fornecer proteção contra partículas voadoras e respingos de produtos químicos. Os óculos graduados não fornecem essas proteções, portanto, óculos de proteção também devem ser usados. Por fim, para evitar que você fique preso em um objeto, tire todas as joias penduradas, como brincos, e prenda o cabelo comprido. As luvas são uma parte essencial do EPI, pois as mãos costumam ser a parte do corpo mais próxima dos perigos. Existem muitos tipos de luvas resistentes a produtos químicos, incluindo látex, nitrilo, neoprene, polietileno e cloreto de polivinila. O tipo de luva que você usa depende das substâncias com as quais você trabalhará. Para decidir qual luva usar, consulte uma tabela de compatibilidade química. O gráfico fornece informações sobre a resistência da luva a vários produtos químicos. Além disso, lista o tempo de avanço, que é o tempo necessário para que um produto químico permeie a luva. Diferentes perigos físicos requerem diferentes tipos de luvas. As luvas criogênicas são mais longas do que as luvas normais e são feitas de uma camada externa de nylon e uma camada interna de poliéster. Use essas luvas ao manusear materiais extremamente frios, como nitrogênio líquido. As luvas básicas resistentes ao calor são feitas de algodão, enquanto as mais avançadas são feitas de borracha nitrílica ou Kevlar. Ao usar essas luvas, certifique-se de que a temperatura esteja dentro da faixa de operação das luvas. Luvas resistentes a cortes e perfurações podem ser feitas de Kevlar ou couro e podem ter placas inseridas. Use essas luvas ao manusear objetos como agulhas. Ao trabalhar com altas forças mecânicas, use luvas resistentes a impactos. Estes têm acolchoamento adicional, como camadas de espuma ou gel. Por fim, a radiação requer luvas especiais de atenuação. As luvas de borracha com chumbo fornecem a maior proteção, mas são difíceis de trabalhar e devem ser descartadas em resíduos perigosos. Luvas forradas com outros metais como o tungstênio são mais fáceis de trabalhar, mas não fornecem tanta proteção. Os óculos de segurança fornecem proteção suficiente para muitas tarefas, mas às vezes é necessária uma proteção facial mais substancial. Se você estiver trabalhando com substâncias que emitem partículas finas transportadas pelo ar, use um respirador para proteger seus pulmões. Ao trabalhar com produtos químicos perigosos que podem respingar, materiais que causam faíscas ou calor, use óculos de proteção ou um protetor facial completo. Para radiação ultravioleta, infravermelha ou visível intensa, use óculos sombreados ou um protetor facial sombreado. Além disso, você deve usar proteção auricular quando exposto a níveis de ruído acima de 85 decibéis. Tanto os tampões de ouvido quanto os protetores de ouvido reduzirão o nível de ruído em 15 a 30 decibéis. Use os dois simultaneamente se o ruído for superior a 105 decibéis. Finalmente, o EPI nem sempre fornece proteção suficiente contra riscos, e controles de engenharia, como capelas de exaustão, também reduzem os riscos. Você acabou de assistir à introdução da JoVE aos equipamentos de proteção individual. Agora você deve entender as roupas básicas de laboratório, luvas e proteção facial. Obrigado por assistir!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biologia Básica

Lab Safety

Segurança em Laboratório

choosing the right lab ppe

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present.

Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab.

This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit exposure to common risks.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

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electrical safety

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

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Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

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Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

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chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

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Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

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fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

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operating the glovebox

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decontamination for laboratory biosafety

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proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

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lab safety

Esta coleção fornece diretrizes de segurança a serem seguidas ao trabalhar com materiais e equipamentos perigosos. Abrange temas universais como EPI, segurança elétrica e orientações gerais de emergência, além de alguns procedimentos específicos de segurança para laboratórios de química e biologia.

Learn how choosing the right personal protective equipment helps make the laboratory safer when students face many different hazards during lab work.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Basic Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Protection

Face and Ear Protection

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14686.jpg

Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

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