Name: recombinant dna and gene cloning
Uploaded: 2021-04-07T12:11:59.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.1

Recombinant DNA

O DNA recombinante é DNA de fontes diferentes, geralmente de espécies diferentes combinadas em laboratório amplamente usados em pesquisa científica e clínica. 
O DNA recombinante geralmente consiste em um gene de interesse, aqui a insulina de um organismo doador inserida em um vetor, no DNA auto-replicante de outro organismo, como um vírus ou um plasmídeo, um pedaço circular pequeno de DNA bacterial. 
O DNA de cada fonte é, primeiro, cortado através de endonucleases de restrição, enzimas que dividem o DNA em uma sequência específica. 
O DNA do doador é ligado às extremidades do DNA vetor com a ajuda da enzima DNA ligase. 
O DNA recombinante é então inserido no organismo anfitrião, uma bactéria ou levedura, no qual é replicado, criando muitas cópias do gene de interesse. 
O gene pode então ser mais facilmente estudado ou, como no caso da insulina, traduzido em proteína usado o arsenal celular do anfitrião.

Khan, Suliman, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Rabeea Siddique, Ghulam Nabi, Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Yousaf e Hongwei Hou. 2016. "Papel da tecnologia de DNA recombinante para melhorar a vida." Jornal Internacional de Genômica 2016. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2405954" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

Matsumura, Ichiro. 2015. "Por que Johnny não pode clonar: armadilhas comuns e soluções não tão comuns." BioTécnicas 59 (3): IV–XIII. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2144/000114324" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

dna recombinante

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 Os cientistas criam DNA recombinante combinando DNA de diferentes fontes—muitas vezes, outras espécies—em laboratório. A clonagem de DNA permite que os investigadores estudem genes específicos inserindo-os em células facilmente manipuladas, como bactérias. Organismos que contêm DNA recombinante são conhecidos como organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM). A tecnologia de DNA recombinante produz organismos com novos genes que podem beneficiar a ciência, a medicina e a agricultura.
 
 <h4>Como os Cientistas Criam DNA recombinante?</h4>
 
 A criação de DNA recombinante envolve inserir um gene de interesse em um vector—um veículo que transporta DNA estranho em células hospedeiras para replicação de DNA e expressão proteica. Os vectores de clonagem mais usados são plasmídeos, pequenos pedaços circulares de DNA que se replicam independentemente do DNA cromossómico do hospedeiro.
 
 Para criar DNA recombinante, tanto o DNA do doador, incluindo o gene de interesse, como o vector são cortados em sequências específicas de nucleótidos—chamados de locais de restrição—usando enzimas de restrição. A enzima DNA ligase sela o esqueleto de açúcar-fosfato onde o gene de interesse e o plasmídeo se ligam.
 
 O resultado é uma molécula de DNA recombinante consistindo em um vector com um pedaço integrado de DNA doador—chamado de inserção. Um cientista pode então introduzir essa molécula de DNA híbrido em um organismo hospedeiro—tipicamente bactérias ou leveduras—onde ela se replica facilmente e rapidamente. Isso cria muitas cópias do gene de interesse, o que é necessário para a investigação científica e outras aplicações. O gene também pode ser transcrito e traduzido para a proteína desejada—como a insulina humana—usando a maquinaria celular do hospedeiro.
 
 Criar DNA recombinante é um processo imperfeito, e erros ocorrem frequentemente. Por exemplo, o vector pode fechar sem a inserção ou a inserção pode estar incorreta (por exemplo, ao contrário). Antes de usar o DNA recombinante para estudos posteriores, os investigadores têm de verificar se há erros. O sequenciamento de nucleótidos pode ajudar a identificar colónias de bactérias que carregam plasmídeos com a inserção correta.
 
 Cientistas Usam DNA Recombinante Para Estudar Genes e Proteínas
 
 A tecnologia de DNA recombinante é particularmente vantajosa quando um cientista precisa de muitas cópias de um gene de interesse ou de um produto proteico. No entanto, a investigação de um cientista pode exigir um nível adicional de complexidade, como a detecção ou purificação da sua proteína desejada. Para alcançar esse objetivo, um investigador pode anexar uma etiqueta ou repórter—proteínas usadas para identificar um produto genético—à proteína desejada para criar um gene de fusão, ou gene quimérico.
 
 <h4>Aplicações em Medicina e Agricultura</h4>
 
 Os cientistas usaram pela primeira vez a tecnologia de DNA recombinante para produzir insulina humana em bactérias, resultando em um tratamento para diabetes. Desde essa descoberta inicial, os investigadores criaram outros DNAs recombinantes para uso terapêutico. Bactérias recombinantes produzem hormona do crescimento humano—uma proteína necessária para o crescimento e desenvolvimento normal—para tratar pacientes com deficiência hormonal de crescimento. Células de mamíferos recombinantes, derivadas de humanos e hamsters, produzem o Fator VIII—uma proteína necessária para a coagulação sanguínea normal—para tratar pacientes com hemofilia. Evidentemente, a tecnologia de DNA recombinante é uma ferramenta poderosa para a produção em larga escala de proteínas essenciais.
 
 Os avanços agrícolas na tecnologia de DNA recombinante também impactam o bem-estar humano. Por exemplo, os produtores de milho sofreram danos substanciais nas culturas devido à praga de Ostrinia nubilalis. Em resposta, os cientistas isolaram genes de uma bactéria que habita o solo, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), para criar milho geneticamente modificado e resistente a pragas. Bacillus thuringiensis produz naturalmente proteínas tóxicas para certos insetos, mas não para humanos, plantas ou outros animais. A introdução do milho Bt resistente a pragas melhorou a produção de culturas e diminuiu o uso de pesticidas químicos. Tais aplicações agrícolas melhoram a qualidade e a quantidade da oferta global de alimentos.

DNA Recombinante

Visão geral

Os cientistas criam DNA recombinante combinando DNA de diferentes fontes - muitas vezes, outras espécies - em laboratório. A clonagem de DNA permite ...

Education

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biologia Molecular

Unit 2

Unidade 2

Studying DNA and RNA

Estudando o DNA e o RNA

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

recombinant dna and gene cloning

Recombinant DNA and gene cloning are tools used to combine DNA from different sources. Scientists use them to isolate a gene, join it to a carrier DNA molecule, and make copies of that DNA.

A plasmid is one common carrier used in this process. A plasmid is a small ring of DNA found in bacteria, and it can carry the inserted gene into a host cell. Once inside the cell, the recombinant DNA can be copied as the cell grows.

This approach is important in biotechnology and genetic research. It helps scientists study genes, produce useful DNA copies, and work with DNA in a controlled way.

Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning

recombinant dna

Recombinant DNA and gene cloning are tools used to combine DNA from different sources. Scientists use them to isolate a gene, join it to a carrier DNA molecule, and make copies of that DNA. A plasmid is one common carrier used in this process. A plasmid is a small ring of DNA found in bacteria, and it can carry the inserted gene into a host cell. Once inside the cell, the recombinant DNA can be copied as the cell grows. This approach is important in biotechnology and genetic research. It...

dna isolation

Genomic DNA Extraction Methods

Genomic DNA extraction methods separate DNA from proteins, RNA, and other cell material. The process usually follows four main steps. First, the cell structure is disrupted with mechanical or chemical methods to make a cell lysate. Then the DNA is protected from damage during processing. After that, the soluble DNA is separated from cell debris. Finally, the purified DNA is eluted, or washed out, for later use. DNA isolation can follow two main approaches: solution-based methods or solid-phase...

dna agarose gel electrophoresis

Purifying DNA Bands from Agarose Gels

Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to purify DNA bands after separation by size. In gel extraction, the DNA fragment of interest is cut from the gel and cleaned before later use. This is especially useful in cloning, where pure DNA is needed before ligation, the joining step that links DNA pieces together. In cloning experiments, both the insert and vector DNA fragments are first cut with restriction endonucleases. These fragments often contain enzymes, salts, and other contaminants. Such...

labeling dna probes

DNA Probe Labels for Detecting Targets

DNA probes are short DNA fragments with a reporter tag attached so they can be detected or purified. They bind to matching nucleic acid sequences by complementary base-pairing. That binding helps researchers recover or identify specific regions of DNA. Several reporter tags are commonly used to label DNA probes. These include radioisotopes, fluorophores, and small molecule binding partners such as biotin or digoxigenin. The label choice depends on the probe’s intended use and on the source of...

southern blot

Southern Blot for DNA Detection

Southern blotting is a DNA detection method used after agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size. A DNA ladder with fragments of known length is run beside the sample so the fragment size can be estimated. The blot adds another step when scientists need to confirm the sequence identity of the DNA. First, the target DNA is cut into smaller pieces with a restriction endonuclease and run on an agarose gel. The DNA is then denatured, which means the double strands are separated...

dna microarrays

Gene Chips for Comparing Cell Activity

DNA microarrays are gene chips used to compare gene activity in different conditions. They are high-throughput assays, which means they can analyze large amounts of data at once. They are also relatively inexpensive and can be automated, making them useful for genome-wide studies. These chips are built on glass or silica slides. Probe molecules are covalently attached to the surface through surface functionalization. In many cases, the slides are prepared by chemisorption of silanes to silica...

complementary dna

Making cDNA from RNA Templates

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from an RNA template. It is a DNA copy of RNA, so it can help students study gene expression in a lab setting. cDNA is useful when scientists want to work with genes after they have been turned on in a cell. Because it is copied from RNA, it reflects which genes were active at the time the RNA was collected. This process links RNA and DNA in a simple way. It also gives students a clear view of how genetic information can be copied for analysis.

fish - fluorescent in-situ hybridization

FISH for Chromosome and Pathogen Detection

FISH is a DNA and RNA detection method used in cytogenetics and medical testing. FISH stands for fluorescence in situ hybridization. It uses labeled probes that bind to complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or inside a cell. The method was developed in the early 1980s and became widely used because it can show specific genetic targets with high detail. In the past, probes were made by cloning or by reverse transcription of a DNA template. Today, probe oligonucleotides can also be...

pcr - polymerase chain reaction

PCR: DNA Amplification for Genetics Labs

PCR is a DNA amplification method used in genetics labs. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It copies a specific DNA segment so scientists can study small amounts of genetic material. The process uses repeated heating and cooling steps. These steps let the DNA strands separate, primers bind to the target region, and a DNA polymerase build new strands. With each cycle, the target DNA can increase in amount. PCR is a core technique in molecular biology and many school-level biology...

real time rt-pcr

Real-Time RT-PCR for Gene Expression Tracking

Real-time RT-PCR tracks gene expression by measuring how much target DNA is made during PCR. It starts with mRNA, which is converted into complementary DNA, or cDNA, by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is then amplified by PCR so the target sequence can be measured. This method can be done in one tube as a single-step reaction or in two separate steps. During amplification, the amount of product is followed in real time with fluorescent dyes or sequence-specific probes linked...

race - rapid amplification of cdna ends

Finding cDNA Ends with RACE PCR

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, helps scientists capture the full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence. It works by linking a known internal region to the unknown sequence at either the 5' end or the 3' end. The method is widely used when the missing end of a gene needs to be identified. RACE uses a gene-specific primer that binds to the known cDNA region. A hybrid primer then adds a set anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. After that, PCR amplifies the DNA segment between...

sanger sequencing

How Sanger Sequencing Reads DNA Fragments

Sanger sequencing reads DNA fragments by separating pieces of different lengths and decoding the order of bases. It is a key method in biology and is often used to study a cloned DNA fragment, a gene mutation, or even much larger genomes. Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method in 1977. The method works by producing a mixture of DNA fragments with variable sizes. These fragments are then separated by capillary gel electrophoresis, which sorts them by length.

next-generation sequencing

DNA Sequencing Methods and Uses

DNA sequencing methods can read millions of DNA fragments at the same time. Next-generation sequencing made this process much faster and much less expensive than older methods. The first human genome project cost $2.7 billion and took 15 years. It was completed in 2003 after major international cooperation among research teams and funding agencies. To prepare DNA for next-generation sequencing, pure genomic DNA is first broken into smaller pieces. These pieces are used to build a sequencing...

rna-seq

RNA-Seq Workflow and Data Analysis

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput method for studying the transcriptome of a cell. The transcriptome is the full set of RNA molecules in a sample. Transcriptomics helps scientists understand how genomes work, how organisms develop, and how some diseases occur. Before RNA-Seq, researchers often used microarray methods and Sanger sequencing to study RNA. Microarrays had limited coverage and depended on already knowing the genome sequence. Sanger sequencing was low-throughput,...

genome annotation and assembly

How Genome Assemblies Are Updated

Genome assembly and genome annotation are key steps in genome analysis. Genome assembly puts DNA sequencing data back in the correct order to make a close copy of the original genome. Genome annotation then identifies functional parts on that assembled genome. Assembling a genome is not simple. In human populations, gene copy number can vary, and repeated DNA sequences can make the process harder. Even so, the physical location of human genes stays constant. Bacterial genomes can be more...

restriction enzymes

DNA Cutting Sites and Bacterial Defense

Restriction enzymes are bacterial proteins that cut DNA at specific sequence sites. They recognize palindromic DNA sequences, also called inverted repeats, and cut the DNA in a sequence-specific way. These sites are often found in regions with important functions, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and transcription termination signals. Bacteria protect their own DNA by methylating these same sites. Methylation means adding chemical marks that keep the restriction enzyme...

maxam-gilbert sequencing

Chemical Cleavage DNA Sequencing

Chemical cleavage DNA sequencing uses specific chemicals to cut DNA at known sites. Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert described this method in the same year that the Sanger sequencing method was discovered. It reads the DNA sequence by breaking purified DNA into fragments and then studying the fragment pattern. The method depends on chemicals that cleave DNA at specific bases. The resulting fragments are separated by electrophoresis, which is a way to sort DNA pieces by size using an electric...

key terms and concepts

Learn how recombinant DNA and gene cloning work by joining a gene to a plasmid and copying it in a host cell for biotechnology and research.

Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Biologia Molecular mostra os processos moleculares da célula através de vídeos de animação claros e concisos. Além disso, nos vídeos de Cientistas em ação, a aplicação desses conceitos é demonstrada por meio de experimentos reais em laboratórios modernos.

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.e

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.2.c

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.12

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.7

BIO.7.D

myJoVE Corporation

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Southern Blot

Agarose gel electrophoresis is very useful in separating DNA fragments by size. Running a DNA ladder containing fragments of the known length alongside ...

DNA Microarrays

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Sanger Sequencing

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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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Next-generation Sequencing

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

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RNA-seq

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Genome Annotation and Assembly

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Ribosome Profiling

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The ELISA Method

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Transgenic Plants

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Transgenic Organisms

Gene Therapy

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
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Karyotyping

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Euchromatin

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Heterochromatin

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Investigate means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.
EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

BIO1.ETS2.2

Whole Body Regeneration

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Analyze scientific and ethical arguments to support the pros and cons of applications of a specific biotechnology technique such as stem cell usage, in vitro fertilization, or genetically modified organisms.
EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

BIO1.ETS2.3

Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning

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