Name: pcr: dna amplification for genetics labs
Uploaded: 2021-04-07T12:12:00.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.1

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction

O objetivo da PCR, reação em cadeia da polimerase, é amplificar uma sequência genética. Neste exemplo, um gene de interesse será ampliado a partir de DNA purificado. Para realizar a amplificação, uma polimerase é necessária para sintetizar o novo DNA.Um primer, uma pequena peça de DNA de fita simples que compartilha homologia com o gene de interesse, também é necessário. Finalmente, nucleotídeos únicos chamados trifosfatos de desoxinucleotide, ou dNTPs, são usados para fazer a nova vertente. A primeira etapa da PCR é aquecer a mistura, que desnatura o DNA.Em seguida, a reação é resfriada e os primers irão se alinhar para sua região homóloga. Uma vez ligada, a reação é aquecida a uma temperatura ótima para a polimerase. A polimerase então reconhece o complexo primer de DNA e começa a síntese da nova vertente, usando os dNTPs na solução.A reação é então aquecida e prossegue como descrito em em ciclos adicionais. Após o terceiro ciclo, existem, no total, oito cópias do gene. Após o quarto ciclo, dezasseis exemplares.E no quinto ciclo, trinta e duas cópias. O número de cópias irá continuar a crescer exponencialmente. Depois de trinta ciclos, existem pouco mais de um bilhão de cópias.

Garibyan, Lilit e Nidhi Avashia. "Técnicas de pesquisa simplificadas: reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR)." The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, nº 3 (março de 2013): e6. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.1" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

Pray, Leslie A. "A Revolução da Biotecnologia: PCR e o Uso da Transcriptase Reversa para Clonar Genes Expressos." Nature Education 1, nº 1 (2008): 94. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/the-biotechnology-revolution-pcr-and-the-use-553" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

pcr - reação em cadeia da polimerase

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 A reação em cadeia da polimerase, ou PCR, é uma técnica amplamente utilizada para copiar segmentos de DNA. Devido a amplificação exponencial, o PCR pode produzir milhões ou biliões de cópias de DNA em apenas algumas horas. Em uma reação de PCR, uma enzima DNA polimerase resistente ao calor amplifica o DNA original através de uma série de alterações de temperatura dentro de uma máquina automatizada chamada termociclador.
 
 <h4>O PCR é um Método Versátil que Revolucionou a Biologia Molecular</h4>
 
 Kary Mullis desenvolveu o PCR em 1983, pelo qual recebeu o Prémio Nobel da Química em 1993. Sendo uma maneira relativamente rápida, barata e precisa de copiar uma sequência de DNA, o PCR tornou-se uma ferramenta inestimável para inúmeras aplicações, incluindo clonagem molecular, mutagénese genética, detecção de angentes patogénicos, análise de expressão genética, quantificação e sequenciamento de DNA e diagnóstico de doenças genéticas.
 
 <h4>O Ciclo de Reação do PCR</h4>
 
 O PCR imita o processo natural de replicação do DNA que ocorre nas células. A mistura da reação inclui uma sequência de DNA molde a ser copiada, um par de moléculas de DNA curtas chamadas primers, blocos de construção de DNA livres chamados deoxinucleótidos trifosfato (dNTPs), e uma enzima DNA polimerase especializada.
 
 O PCR envolve uma série de passos a altas temperaturas, exigindo uma enzima DNA polimerase que seja funcional a tais temperaturas. A DNA polimerase mais usada é a Taq polimerase, nomeada em homenagem a Thermus aquaticus, a bactéria da qual a polimerase foi inicialmente isolada. A DNA polimerase é incapaz de sintetizar uma molécula de DNA do zero, ou de novo. Em vez disso, a DNA polimerase complementa moléculas de DNA curtas, chamadas primers, que se ligam ao molde de DNA através do emparelhamento complementar de bases. Os primers fornecem um grupo hidroxilo 3’ livre ao qual a DNA polimerase pode anexar novos dNTPs. Existem quatro tipos de dNTPs em um PCR, um para cada nucleótido na molécula de DNA: dATP, dCTP, dGTP e dTTP.
 
 Cada ciclo de PCR consiste em três passos: Desnaturação, Anelamento e Síntese de DNA.
 
 <ol>
 <li>Desnaturação. O ciclo de PCR é iniciado aquecendo a mistura de reação a uma alta temperatura, causando a separação da dupla hélice do DNA em duas cadeias. Este processo de “fusão” geralmente ocorre a uma temperatura de 90°C­­–100°C.</li>
 <li>Anelamento. A mistura de reação é rapidamente arrefecida (geralmente para 50°C–65°C), permitindo que os dois primers se liguem às suas sequências complementares nas cadeias de DNA do molde.</li>
 <li>Síntese de DNA (Extensão de Primers). A mistura de reação é aquecida novamente, desta vez a uma temperatura (geralmente 60°C–75°C) que permite que a DNA polimerase estenda os primers adicionando dNTPs que emparelham com as bases da cadeia molde.</li>
 </ol>
 
 Um PCR típico envolve 20-40 ciclos repetidos desses três passos, que ocorrem no termociclador. Como o número de moléculas de DNA é duplicado em cada ciclo, o DNA é amplificado exponencialmente.
 
 <h4>Limitações do PCR</h4>
 
 Se o cientista quiser amplificar uma porção específica do genoma, o cientista deve saber pelo menos parte da sequência de DNA alvo para criar primers apropriados. Outro problema potencial é o anelamento não específico de primers a sequências de DNA parcialmente semelhantes, levando à amplificação de DNA não alvo. Este problema pode ser controlado optimizando as condições da reação. Sendo um método de detecção altamente sensível, o PCR também é vulnerável a contaminação, e até mesmo vestígios de DNA contaminante podem originar resultados enganadores. As DNA polimerases usados no PCR podem ser propensas a erros. Se uma mutação acontecer nos primeiros ciclos, a maior parte do DNA amplificado carregará a mutação.

PCR - Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase

Visão geral

A reação em cadeia da polimerase, ou PCR, é uma técnica amplamente utilizada para copiar segmentos de DNA. Devido à amplificação exponencial, a PCR pode produzir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biologia Molecular

Unit 2

Unidade 2

Studying DNA and RNA

Estudando o DNA e o RNA

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

pcr: dna amplification for genetics labs

PCR is a DNA amplification method used in genetics labs. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It copies a specific DNA segment so scientists can study small amounts of genetic material.

The process uses repeated heating and cooling steps. These steps let the DNA strands separate, primers bind to the target region, and a DNA polymerase build new strands. With each cycle, the target DNA can increase in amount.

PCR is a core technique in molecular biology and many school-level biology topics. It helps students connect DNA structure with laboratory methods used to analyze genetic information.

PCR: DNA Amplification for Genetics Labs

recombinant dna

Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning

Recombinant DNA and gene cloning are tools used to combine DNA from different sources. Scientists use them to isolate a gene, join it to a carrier DNA molecule, and make copies of that DNA. A plasmid is one common carrier used in this process. A plasmid is a small ring of DNA found in bacteria, and it can carry the inserted gene into a host cell. Once inside the cell, the recombinant DNA can be copied as the cell grows. This approach is important in biotechnology and genetic research. It...

dna isolation

Genomic DNA Extraction Methods

Genomic DNA extraction methods separate DNA from proteins, RNA, and other cell material. The process usually follows four main steps. First, the cell structure is disrupted with mechanical or chemical methods to make a cell lysate. Then the DNA is protected from damage during processing. After that, the soluble DNA is separated from cell debris. Finally, the purified DNA is eluted, or washed out, for later use. DNA isolation can follow two main approaches: solution-based methods or solid-phase...

dna agarose gel electrophoresis

Purifying DNA Bands from Agarose Gels

Agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to purify DNA bands after separation by size. In gel extraction, the DNA fragment of interest is cut from the gel and cleaned before later use. This is especially useful in cloning, where pure DNA is needed before ligation, the joining step that links DNA pieces together. In cloning experiments, both the insert and vector DNA fragments are first cut with restriction endonucleases. These fragments often contain enzymes, salts, and other contaminants. Such...

labeling dna probes

DNA Probe Labels for Detecting Targets

DNA probes are short DNA fragments with a reporter tag attached so they can be detected or purified. They bind to matching nucleic acid sequences by complementary base-pairing. That binding helps researchers recover or identify specific regions of DNA. Several reporter tags are commonly used to label DNA probes. These include radioisotopes, fluorophores, and small molecule binding partners such as biotin or digoxigenin. The label choice depends on the probe’s intended use and on the source of...

southern blot

Southern Blot for DNA Detection

Southern blotting is a DNA detection method used after agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size. A DNA ladder with fragments of known length is run beside the sample so the fragment size can be estimated. The blot adds another step when scientists need to confirm the sequence identity of the DNA. First, the target DNA is cut into smaller pieces with a restriction endonuclease and run on an agarose gel. The DNA is then denatured, which means the double strands are separated...

dna microarrays

Gene Chips for Comparing Cell Activity

DNA microarrays are gene chips used to compare gene activity in different conditions. They are high-throughput assays, which means they can analyze large amounts of data at once. They are also relatively inexpensive and can be automated, making them useful for genome-wide studies. These chips are built on glass or silica slides. Probe molecules are covalently attached to the surface through surface functionalization. In many cases, the slides are prepared by chemisorption of silanes to silica...

complementary dna

Making cDNA from RNA Templates

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from an RNA template. It is a DNA copy of RNA, so it can help students study gene expression in a lab setting. cDNA is useful when scientists want to work with genes after they have been turned on in a cell. Because it is copied from RNA, it reflects which genes were active at the time the RNA was collected. This process links RNA and DNA in a simple way. It also gives students a clear view of how genetic information can be copied for analysis.

fish - fluorescent in-situ hybridization

FISH for Chromosome and Pathogen Detection

FISH is a DNA and RNA detection method used in cytogenetics and medical testing. FISH stands for fluorescence in situ hybridization. It uses labeled probes that bind to complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or inside a cell. The method was developed in the early 1980s and became widely used because it can show specific genetic targets with high detail. In the past, probes were made by cloning or by reverse transcription of a DNA template. Today, probe oligonucleotides can also be...

pcr - polymerase chain reaction

PCR is a DNA amplification method used in genetics labs. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It copies a specific DNA segment so scientists can study small amounts of genetic material. The process uses repeated heating and cooling steps. These steps let the DNA strands separate, primers bind to the target region, and a DNA polymerase build new strands. With each cycle, the target DNA can increase in amount. PCR is a core technique in molecular biology and many school-level biology...

real time rt-pcr

Real-Time RT-PCR for Gene Expression Tracking

Real-time RT-PCR tracks gene expression by measuring how much target DNA is made during PCR. It starts with mRNA, which is converted into complementary DNA, or cDNA, by an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is then amplified by PCR so the target sequence can be measured. This method can be done in one tube as a single-step reaction or in two separate steps. During amplification, the amount of product is followed in real time with fluorescent dyes or sequence-specific probes linked...

race - rapid amplification of cdna ends

Finding cDNA Ends with RACE PCR

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, helps scientists capture the full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence. It works by linking a known internal region to the unknown sequence at either the 5' end or the 3' end. The method is widely used when the missing end of a gene needs to be identified. RACE uses a gene-specific primer that binds to the known cDNA region. A hybrid primer then adds a set anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. After that, PCR amplifies the DNA segment between...

sanger sequencing

How Sanger Sequencing Reads DNA Fragments

Sanger sequencing reads DNA fragments by separating pieces of different lengths and decoding the order of bases. It is a key method in biology and is often used to study a cloned DNA fragment, a gene mutation, or even much larger genomes. Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method in 1977. The method works by producing a mixture of DNA fragments with variable sizes. These fragments are then separated by capillary gel electrophoresis, which sorts them by length.

next-generation sequencing

DNA Sequencing Methods and Uses

DNA sequencing methods can read millions of DNA fragments at the same time. Next-generation sequencing made this process much faster and much less expensive than older methods. The first human genome project cost $2.7 billion and took 15 years. It was completed in 2003 after major international cooperation among research teams and funding agencies. To prepare DNA for next-generation sequencing, pure genomic DNA is first broken into smaller pieces. These pieces are used to build a sequencing...

rna-seq

RNA-Seq Workflow and Data Analysis

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput method for studying the transcriptome of a cell. The transcriptome is the full set of RNA molecules in a sample. Transcriptomics helps scientists understand how genomes work, how organisms develop, and how some diseases occur. Before RNA-Seq, researchers often used microarray methods and Sanger sequencing to study RNA. Microarrays had limited coverage and depended on already knowing the genome sequence. Sanger sequencing was low-throughput,...

genome annotation and assembly

How Genome Assemblies Are Updated

Genome assembly and genome annotation are key steps in genome analysis. Genome assembly puts DNA sequencing data back in the correct order to make a close copy of the original genome. Genome annotation then identifies functional parts on that assembled genome. Assembling a genome is not simple. In human populations, gene copy number can vary, and repeated DNA sequences can make the process harder. Even so, the physical location of human genes stays constant. Bacterial genomes can be more...

restriction enzymes

DNA Cutting Sites and Bacterial Defense

Restriction enzymes are bacterial proteins that cut DNA at specific sequence sites. They recognize palindromic DNA sequences, also called inverted repeats, and cut the DNA in a sequence-specific way. These sites are often found in regions with important functions, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and transcription termination signals. Bacteria protect their own DNA by methylating these same sites. Methylation means adding chemical marks that keep the restriction enzyme...

maxam-gilbert sequencing

Chemical Cleavage DNA Sequencing

Chemical cleavage DNA sequencing uses specific chemicals to cut DNA at known sites. Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert described this method in the same year that the Sanger sequencing method was discovered. It reads the DNA sequence by breaking purified DNA into fragments and then studying the fragment pattern. The method depends on chemicals that cleave DNA at specific bases. The resulting fragments are separated by electrophoresis, which is a way to sort DNA pieces by size using an electric...

key terms and concepts

Learn how PCR amplifies a specific DNA segment through heating, cooling, primers, and DNA polymerase in genetics and molecular biology labs.

PCR: DNA Amplification for Genetics Labs | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Biologia Molecular mostra os processos moleculares da célula através de vídeos de animação claros e concisos. Além disso, nos vídeos de Cientistas em ação, a aplicação desses conceitos é demonstrada por meio de experimentos reais em laboratórios modernos.

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.12

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.7

BIO.7.D

myJoVE Corporation

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bacterial-transformation-the-heat-shock-method

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in ...

Sanger Sequencing

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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

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Reporter Genes

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In-situ Hybridization

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
EXPLANATION: The goal is to help students appreciate that the basic science knowledge being studied can be manipulated and used to design useful tools for further scientific investigations, medical treatments, agricultural yields, etc. A detailed understanding of any technical procedures is not expected, but rather a "big picture" view of concepts the technology utilizes and the applications the technology is being used for. These technologies may be best investigated along with the standards from LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structure and Functions, as the students are learning about DNA and protein. Comparative DNA and protein sequence analysis is also a large part of current phylogenic research and could accompany LS4 Biological Change: Unity and Diversity. Students may also consider the pros and cons of biotechnical applications. Investigation of techniques utilized could come from field trips to witness the use of these techniques in practice, lab exercises, virtual labs, simulation activities, interviews with professionals, etc. Molecular techniques could include: PCR, electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digestion of DNA, DNA sequencing, plasmid-based transformation, transfection, etc. These techniques are used in fields of medicine, agriculture, biomedical engineering, forensic science, etc.

Karyotyping

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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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Investigate means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.
EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

BIO1.ETS2.2

Whole Body Regeneration

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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Analyze scientific and ethical arguments to support the pros and cons of applications of a specific biotechnology technique such as stem cell usage, in vitro fertilization, or genetically modified organisms.
EXPLANATION: The utilization of new technologies in any field of science is dependent on both economic and social factors. In addition to evaluating these factors, scientists must also consider long-term consequences that may not be initially apparent. The emphasis should be on the construction of a rationale argument that supports a position on the use of an application with ethical and social impact. Students should begin to appreciate the differences in ethical values that exist, and recognize that discussion of these values is imperative as knowledge and technology continue to advance, even when resolutions of differences can be rare. After investigation of a specific biotechnology application, students can write a position paper and/or participate in a classroom debate.

BIO1.ETS2.3

PCR: DNA Amplification for Genetics Labs

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