Name: microscope contrast for live, unstained cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:59:41.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.4

phase-contrast-and-differential-interference-contrast-microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

As células vivas não coradas são transparentes e difíceis de ver sob um microscópio óptico. Os microscópios de contraste de fase e contraste de interferência diferencial ou DIC permitem sua visualização criando imagens de maior resolução e contraste mais nítido.
Quando uma amostra é iluminada em contraste de fase, alguma luz é difratada pelos componentes da célula, enquanto o restante passa diretamente. A extensão da difração depende dos índices de refração dos componentes celulares.
À medida que a luz difratada e a luz direta interferem, partes da amostra parecem brilhantes se as ondas estiverem em fase e escuras se estiverem fora de fase. Isso cria imagens de alto contraste de grandes organelas e seções de tecido fino.
Mudanças bruscas nos índices de refração produzem um halo ao redor da imagem.
Tais artefatos estão ausentes no DIC, que usa uma fonte de luz polarizada para modular as ondas de luz que passam pela amostra.
O contraste da imagem depende da taxa de mudança dos índices de refração em toda a amostra. Mudanças acentuadas geram imagens de alto contraste com um aparente efeito tridimensional.
O DIC ajuda a visualizar espécimes grossos, como fatias de cérebro, ovos ou embriões.

<ol>
	<li>Parker, N. et al. Microbiologia: OpenStax., 2022. Seção 2.4</li>
	<li>Frohlich, V.C., 2008. Microscopia de contraste de fase e contraste de interferência diferencial (DIC). JoVE (Jornal de Experimentos Visualizados), (18), p.e844.</li>
	<li>Palima, D. e Glückstad, J., 2010. Contraste de fase generalizado: microscopia, manipulação e muito mais. Física contemporânea, 51(3), pp.249-265.</li>
	<li>Obara, B., Roberts, MA, Armitage, JP e Grau, V., 2013. Identificação de células bacterianas em imagens de microscopia de contraste de interferência diferencial. Bioinformática BMC, 14(1), pp.1-13.</li>
</ol>

microscopia de contraste de fase e interferência diferencial

<h4>Microscópios de contraste de fase</h4> Em microscópios de contraste de fase, a interferência entre a luz que passa diretamente através de uma célula e a luz refratada pelos componentes celulares é usada para criar imagens de alto contraste e alta resolução sem coloração. Esse é o tipo de microscópio mais antigo e simples, que cria uma imagem alterando os comprimentos de onda dos raios de luz que passam pela amostra. Caminhos de comprimento de onda alterados são criados usando uma parada anular no condensador. O batente anular produz um cone oco de luz focado na amostra antes de atingir a lente objetiva. A objetiva contém uma placa de fase com um anel de fase. Como resultado, a luz que viaja diretamente do iluminador passa através do anel de fase enquanto a luz refratada, ou refletida, pela amostra passa através da placa. Isso faz com que as ondas que viajam através do anel fiquem cerca de metade do comprimento de onda fora de fase daquelas que passam pela placa. Como as ondas têm picos e vales, elas podem se somar (se estiverem em fase) ou se anularem (se estiverem fora de fase). Quando os comprimentos de onda estão fora de fase, os vales das ondas cancelam os picos das ondas, o que é chamado de interferência destrutiva. As estruturas que refratam a luz aparecem então escuras contra um fundo brilhante apenas de luz não refratada. De forma mais geral, as estruturas que diferem em características como o índice de refração diferirão nos níveis de escuridão. Como ela aumenta o contraste sem exigir manchas, a microscopia de contraste de fase é frequentemente usada para observar amostras vivas. Estruturas celulares específicas, como organelas em células eucarióticas e endosporos em células procarióticas, são bem visualizadas com microscopia de contraste de fase. <h4>Microscópios de contraste de interferência diferencial</h4> Os microscópios de contraste de interferência diferencial (DIC) (também conhecidos como óptica Nomarski) são semelhantes aos microscópios de contraste de fase porque usam padrões de interferência para aumentar o contraste entre as diferentes características de uma amostra. Em um microscópio DIC, são criados dois feixes de luz nos quais a direção do movimento da onda (polarização) difere. Uma vez que os feixes passam pela amostra ou pelo espaço livre da amostra, eles são recombinados. Os efeitos das amostras causam diferenças nos padrões de interferência gerados pela combinação dos feixes. Isso resulta em imagens de alto contraste de organismos vivos com aparência tridimensional. Esses microscópios são especialmente úteis para distinguir estruturas em amostras vivas e não coradas.

Microscopia de Contraste de Fase e Interferência Diferencial

Microscópios de contraste de fase
Microscópios de contraste em fase, interferência entre a luz que passa diretamente através de uma célula e a luz refratada por ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Visualizing Cells, Tissues, and Molecules

Visualizando Células, Tecidos e Moléculas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

microscope contrast for live, unstained cells

Phase-contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy help scientists see live cells without stains. Both methods boost contrast so thin, transparent structures become easier to study under the microscope.

Phase-contrast microscopes use interference between light that passes straight through a cell and light that is refracted by cell parts. The microscope uses an annular stop in the condenser to make a hollow cone of light. The objective lens also contains a phase plate with a phase ring. Light from the illuminator passes through the ring, while refracted light passes through the plate. This makes the light waves about one-half wavelength out of phase.

When waves are out of phase, their peaks and troughs can cancel each other out. This is called destructive interference. As a result, structures that bend light appear dark against a bright background. Differences in refractive index can also change how dark a structure looks. Because it does not require stains, phase-contrast microscopy is often used for live specimens. It can clearly show organelles in eukaryotic cells and endospores in prokaryotic cells.

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also called Nomarski optics, uses a similar idea. It creates two beams of light with different polarization directions. After the beams pass through the specimen or through empty space, they are recombined. The specimen changes the interference pattern that forms when the beams come together.

DIC microscopy produces high-contrast images of living organisms with a three-dimensional look. It is especially useful for telling apart structures inside live, unstained specimens. Like phase-contrast microscopy, it helps reveal details that are hard to see with ordinary bright-field light.

Microscope Contrast for Live, Unstained Cells

microscope-contrast-for-live-unstained-cells

imaging biological samples with optical microscopy

imaging-biological-samples-with-optical-microscopy

How Light Microscopes Bring Samples Into View

Optical microscopy uses light and lenses to make tiny biological samples visible. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek built the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to view blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister developed an essentially modern light microscope. During the 20th century, microscopes gained better magnification and resolution. A sample is placed on a glass slide and clipped onto the stage, which is the flat platform of the microscope. The...

phase contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy

Phase-contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy help scientists see live cells without stains. Both methods boost contrast so thin, transparent structures become easier to study under the microscope. Phase-contrast microscopes use interference between light that passes straight through a cell and light that is refracted by cell parts. The microscope uses an annular stop in the condenser to make a hollow cone of light. The objective lens also contains a phase plate with a phase...

fixation and sectioning

Microscope Slide Prep and Staining

Microscope slide preparation includes wet mounts, fixation, and staining. These steps help make specimens easier to see under a light microscope. They also help preserve cells and highlight important structures. A wet mount is the simplest slide preparation. The specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid sample can be added directly with a dropper, and a solid sample, such as a skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before the liquid is added. The liquid is sometimes...

immunofluorescence microscopy

Fluorescent Antibody Staining in Cells

Fluorescent antibody staining uses a fluorescence microscope to make cells and microbes visible in bright colors against a dark background. The microscope works with fluorochromes, which are fluorescent dyes that absorb energy from a light source and then give off visible light. Some fluorochromes are natural, such as chlorophylls. Others are added to the specimen to improve contrast. Common examples of fluorochromes include Texas red and FITC. The method can also use nucleic acid dyes such as...

immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry

immunocytochemistry-and-immunohistochemistry

Antibody Staining in Cells and Tissues

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) use antibodies to detect specific proteins or antigens in samples. ICC focuses on individual cells, such as blood cells and stem cells. IHC is used for tissue samples. These methods were first published by Albert Coons in 1941, when they were used to detect pneumococcal antigen in mouse tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Both techniques can produce either a colored signal or a fluorescent signal. Enzyme-conjugated...

confocal fluorescence microscopy

Confocal Microscopy for Sharp Cell Images

Confocal microscopy is an advanced imaging method used to capture sharp fluorescence images. Its main advantage is that it blocks out-of-focus light from the sample with pinholes. That helps produce high-resolution images with strong contrast. Unlike a standard optical microscope, a confocal microscope uses a focused laser beam to scan the sample surface at different z-planes. This makes it especially useful for thick specimens, such as biofilms. These samples can often be examined alive and...

protein dynamics in living cells

Fluorescent Methods for Protein Movement

Protein movement in living cells can be measured with fluorescence-based methods such as FRAP, FRET, and PET. These techniques help scientists track how proteins move, interact, and change distance inside the cell. Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching, or FRAP, measures protein movement rates within the cell. In this method, a small region is exposed to a strong laser beam. The beam permanently bleaches fluorophore-tagged proteins in that area. Over time, bleached proteins diffuse away...

total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

total-internal-reflection-fluorescence-microscopy

Surface-Only Imaging with TIRF Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, or TIRF, is a microscope method used to view fluorophores near a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. It is useful when scientists want to study signals close to the cell surface. TIRF works when light from a medium with a lower refractive index, such as air, hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle. Instead of entering the glass, the light undergoes total internal reflection. This reflection creates an...

atomic force microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy for Surface Mapping

Atomic force microscopy is used to map the surface details of materials. It can examine ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. The method gives far more resolution than an optical imaging system and produces three-dimensional surface profiles instead of flat 2D images. The probe is the key part of an AFM setup. It includes the cantilever and tip assembly, and it is also the part that is replaced most often. Constant contact with samples wears down the tip, so probe choice depends...

super-resolution fluorescence microscopy

Sharper Cell Images with Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy gives sharper images than standard fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function, or PSF. The PSF is the light pattern from a point source that makes it look blurred. Because of this blur, each fluorescent spot appears larger than it really is. Nearby fluorophores can also overlap through their PSFs and make the image less clear. Several super-resolution methods have been developed to improve image detail. Photoactivated localization...

overview of electron microscopy

Electron Microscopy: TEM vs SEM

Electron microscopy uses electrons instead of visible light to make images with much higher detail than a light microscope. Visible light limits the resolution of light microscopes, which usually magnify up to 1000X, and sometimes up to 1500X. Electrons have a much shorter wavelength, about 0.005 nm, so they can produce resolution as fine as 0.05 nm. An electron microscope can also magnify images up to 2,000,000X and reveal subcellular structures and some molecular structures, including single...

scanning electron microscopy

How SEM Reveals Surface Details

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveals the surface details of a sample with an electron beam. The beam scans across the sample in a two-dimensional pattern. SEM can image areas from about 1 centimeter down to 5 micrometers wide. SEM is useful for studying bacteria, viruses, tissues, and larger samples such as insects. Conventional SEM can produce magnification from 20X to 30,000X. It also offers spatial resolution of about 50 to 100 nanometers. The process starts when the electron gun...

transmission electron microscopy

How TEM Reveals Tiny Structures

Transmission electron microscopy uses electrons to reveal very small structures inside a specimen. The technique grew from the first electron microscope prototype developed in 1931 by physicist Ernst Ruska. He built on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam, just as lenses direct light in an optical microscope. In a transmission electron microscope, a hot tungsten element produces electrons. An electron gun then accelerates them with a potential difference, giving the beam...

preparation of samples for electron microscopy

preparation-of-samples-for-electron-microscopy

Electron Microscopy Sample Prep Methods

Electron microscopy sample prep methods help biological samples survive imaging in TEM and SEM. Before a specimen can be viewed, it must be fixed, or stabilized, so the electron beam does not damage it. It also must be dried well, or desiccated, because the microscope uses a vacuum. Fixation should happen as quickly as possible. Once a sample leaves its natural environment, its properties begin to change. In tissue samples, oxygen levels can drop and change the appearance of mitochondria. That...

immunogold electron microscopy

Immunogold Labeling in Electron Microscopy

Immunogold labeling in electron microscopy uses antibodies and tiny gold particles to find specific proteins in cells and tissues. The gold particles are very electron-dense, which means they show up clearly in electron microscope images. This gives researchers a high-resolution way to see where proteins are located and to compare their amounts under different stimulation conditions. The method can reveal proteins on the cell surface and inside cells. It has been used to study proteins...

cryo-electron microscopy

Cryo-EM for Native Biomolecule Imaging

Cryo-EM, or cryo-electron microscopy, lets scientists image biomolecules in their frozen, native state. It avoids the dehydration, fixation, and staining used in conventional electron microscopy, which can distort samples and create artifacts. It also reduces damage from the electron beam by using gentler imaging conditions. This method is useful when other structure tools have limits. X-ray diffraction needs a molecule to form a crystal, and that is not always possible. Even when...

electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction

electron-microscope-tomography-and-single-particle-reconstruction

3D Imaging with Electron Microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can build 3D images of biological samples. It does this with electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. Tomography can show cell parts or small cells in vivo, while single-particle reconstruction is used for macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro only. Electron tomography can be done in TEM or in STEM, which stands for scanning transmission electron microscopy. STEM is mainly used for thick biological specimens. It...

key terms and concepts

Learn how phase-contrast and DIC microscopy reveal live, unstained cells by using light interference to boost contrast and show fine structures clearly.

Microscope Contrast for Live, Unstained Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core - Biologia Celular ilustra processos celulares complexos em vídeos de animação fáceis de entender e, ao mesmo tempo, abrangentes. Esta coleção foca nos componentes e funções essenciais das células, incluindo organelas e membranas, transporte celular e energia celular. É complementado por vídeos de Cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação da biologia celular em experimentos de pesquisa do mundo real.

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Microscope Contrast for Live, Unstained Cells

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