Single-cell Microfluidic Analysis of Bacillus subtilis

Summary

We present a method for the microfluidic analysis of individual bacterial cell lineages using Bacillus subtilis as an example. The method overcomes shortcomings of traditional analytical methods in microbiology by allowing observation of hundreds of cell generations under tightly controllable and uniform growth conditions.

Abstract

Microfluidic technology overcomes many of the limitations to traditional analytical methods in microbiology. Unlike bulk-culture methods, it offers single-cell resolution and long observation times spanning hundreds of generations; unlike agarose pad-based microscopy, it has uniform growth conditions that can be tightly controlled. Because the continuous flow of growth medium isolates the cells in a microfluidic device from unpredictable variations in the local chemical environment caused by cell growth and metabolism, authentic changes in gene expression and cell growth in response to specific stimuli can be more confidently observed. Bacillus subtilis is used here as a model bacterial species to demonstrate a "mother machine"-type method for cellular analysis. We show how to construct and plumb a microfluidic device, load it with cells, initiate microscopic imaging, and expose cells to a stimulus by switching from one growth medium to another. A stress-responsive reporter is used as an example to reveal the type of data that may be obtained by this method. We also briefly discuss further applications of this method for other types of experiments, such as analysis of bacterial sporulation.

Introduction

One of the most striking features of life on Earth is its great resilience and variety. A central goal of molecular biology is to understand the logic by which cells use genes and proteins to maximize their growth and fitness under a wide variety of environmental conditions. To achieve this goal, scientists must be able to confidently observe how individual cells grow, divide, and express their genes under a given set of conditions, noting how cells respond to subsequent changes in their environment. However, traditional analytical methods in microbiology have technical limitations that affect the types of questions that can be addressed. For example, bulk culture-bas....

Protocol

1. PDMS Device Casting

1. In a dust-free environment, mix PDMS polymer and curing agent at a 10:1 ratio and degas under vacuum for at least 10 min.
2. Place a silicon master (or an epoxy or polyurethane replica thereof) on a piece of unbroken aluminum foil in a polystyrene Petri plate. Pour the degassed PDMS mixture over the master to a depth of approximately 5 mm. Degas the Petri plate for at least 10 min. Use a gentle stream of air to break surface bubbles.
   NOTE: The dimensions of the two-tiered device used are provided in the accompanying CAD file⁵ (see Supplementary File 1). A plastic replica master m....

Results

Successful initial cell loading, as assessed by phase-contrast microscopy before attaching the microfluidic plumbing to the device, would be considered as having all or nearly all of the microfluidic side channels containing one or more bacterial cells (Figure 3A). Optimal loading would show several cells in each channel, but channels will nonetheless fill with cells due to cell growth during the equilibration period (Figure 3B)........

Discussion

This microfluidics protocol is flexible in that many of the steps may be modified to optimize its use with a particular species or strain or for a specific purpose. Indeed, in this protocol we have made modifications to the original "mother machine" concept⁴ to optimize its use with B. subtilis. Often, the trenches in which the cells are confined constitute a single-layer feature, whereas in this protocol we use two-layer cell trenches, with a shallow channel surrounding the cells.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit	Dow Corning	(240)4019862	This is referred to as PDMS in the protocol. There are 2 components that are mixed at a 10:1 ratio
0.75-mm biopsy punch	World Precision Instruments	504529
22 x 40 mm No. 1.5 cover glass	VWR	48393 172
Plasma Etch PE-50	Plasma Etch Inc.	PE-50	Instrument used to bond PDMS to glass using oxygen plasma treatment
Tygon flexible tubing ID 0.02", OD 0.06"	Saint-Gobain PPL Corp.	AAD04103	For the main part of the tubing, e.g. attached to the needles
Silicone Tubing, 0.04" ID, 0.085" OD	HelixMark Standard Silicone Tubing	60-795-05	For pinch valves and Y-junction connection
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A7906-100G	Used as passivation agent
ART Gel Pipet Tips (P200)	Molecular BioProducts	2155	For loading the device with medium and cells
Acrodisc 32-mm syringe filter with 5-μm Supor membrane	Pall Life Sciences	4560	For filtering cultures before device loading
21-ga blunt needles, 1"	McMaster-Carr	75165A681
Y connector with 200-series barbs, 1/16" ID tubing, polypropylene	Nordson Medical	Y210-6005	The company is AKA Value Plastics
Eclipse Ti-E inverted microscope	Nikon		This unit has been discontinued by the manufacturer and is replaced by the Ti 2 E.
LB Lennox	Sigma-Aldrich	L3022
Microfuge 18	Beckman Coulter	367160
Bacillus subtilis strain NCIB3610	Bacillus Genetic Stock Center	3A1	wild-type parental strain modified for use in the experiments shown in this protocol
Gravity convection oven	VWR	414005-106	for curing PDMS and baking assembled devices
Scotch-Weld Epoxy Kit	3M	2216 B/A	may be used to bond a silicon wafer to an aluminum backing plate
Scotch Magic tape, 3/4" width	3M		to clean dust from PDMS devices and to place over features to increase visibility (denoted "office tape" or "adhesive tape" in protocol)
Stereomicroscope	Nikon	SMZ800N	listed here as an example; nearly any stereomicroscope will do
Isopropyl alcohol	Sigma-Aldrich	W292907	To clean cover glass
Syring pump, 6 channel	New Era Pump Systems Inc.	NE-1600
Kimwipes	Kimberly-Clark	34120	a brand of dust-free wipes