A Mouse Model to Investigate the Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Growth

Summary

A protocol to co-inject cancer cells and fibroblasts and monitor tumor growth over time is provided. This protocol can be used to understand the molecular basis for the role of fibroblasts as regulators of tumor growth.

Abstract

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can play an important role in tumor growth by creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Models to study the role of CAFs in the tumor microenvironment can be helpful for understanding the functional importance of fibroblasts, fibroblasts from different tissues, and specific genetic factors in fibroblasts. Mouse models are essential for understanding the contributors to tumor growth and progression in an in vivo context. Here, a protocol in which cancer cells are mixed with fibroblasts and introduced into mice to develop tumors is provided. Tumor sizes over time and final tumor weights are determined and compared among groups. The protocol described can provide more insight into the functional role of CAFs in tumor growth and progression.

Introduction

Within the tumor microenvironment, one of the most prominent cell type is the cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)¹. These carcinoma-associated fibroblasts can play a tumor-suppressive role^2,3. For example, S100A-expressing fibroblasts secrete collagens that can encapsulate carcinogens and protect against carcinoma formation⁴. Further, depletion of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive myofibroblasts in pancreatic cancer causes immunosuppression and accelerates pancreatic cancer progression². CAFs can also co-evolve with cancer cells and....

Protocol

All experiments described were approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University of California, Los Angeles.

NOTE: Select cancer cells and fibroblasts that match the host mice for mouse strain. Select cancer cells and fibroblasts that match the sex of the host mouse. Obtain mice from breeding colonies or purchase them from reputable vendors. Introduce tumors into mice that are ~8-10 weeks of age. Mice with fur will be in the telogen or resting phase of the hair follicle cycle. Plan for a ratio of 0.5 to 3 fibroblasts to cancer cell.

1. Determine the appropriate number of mice to be used for experimentation

Results

A2058 human melanoma cells and primary human dermal fibroblasts were cultured under sterile conditions. Cells were collected and washed three times with PBS. Immunodeficient mice (NU/J - Foxn1 nude strain) were injected subcutaneously on one flank with 0.25 million A2058 melanoma cells alone. On the other flank, mice were injected with a mixture of 0.25 million A2058 melanoma cells and 0.75 million fibroblasts. Cells were injected into 12 immune-deficient mice. Injections into left and ri.......

Discussion

In the experiment in Figure 1, co-introducing human dermal fibroblasts with human A2058 melanoma cells resulted in larger tumors than when the melanoma cells were introduced without co-injected fibroblasts. This difference could be easily detected based on tumor volume and tumor weight. The results are consistent with multiple reports that cancer-associated fibroblasts can promote tumor growth^5,6,7

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
26G Needles	Fisher Scientific	14-826-10
Alcohol swabs	Fisher Scientific	326895
Animal clipper miniARCO with surgical blade #40	WAHL Professional	8787-450A
Athymic nude mice (NU/J)	The Jackson labs	002019	These mice are immunocompromised and can be used for experiments in which human cells are introduced. Immunocompetent mice can also be used if mouse cancer cells and fibroblasts will be introduced.
Cancer cells	ATCC	ATCC® CRL-11147™	This is the catalog number for a primary human melanoma cell line. Other cancer cell types can also be used.
Cell Culture Multi Flasks	Fisher Scientific	14-826-95
Centrifuge for conical tubes capable of reaching 180 x g	Fisher Scientific	14-432-22
Countess Cell Counting Chamber	Fisher Scientific	C10228
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium	Fisher Scientific	11965-118
Fetal bovine serum	Fisher Scientific	MT35010CV
Fibroblasts	ATCC	PCS-201-012	We isolate fibroblasts from skin in our lab. This is a catalog number for an adult primary human dermal fibroblast cell line. MEFs and fibroblasts derived from other sites can also be used.
Isoflurane	Henry Schein Animal Health	NDC 11695-6776-2
PBS USP grade for injection into mice	Fisher Scientific	50-751-7476
Sterile 10 ml serological pipet	Celltreat	667210B
Sterile 5 ml serological pipet	Celltreat	229005B
Sterile 50 ml centrifuge tubes	Genesee Scientific	28-108
Sterile Syringe Filters pore size 0.2 microns	Fisher Scientific	09-740-61A
Sterile tissue culture-grade Trypsin-EDTA	Fisher Scientific	15400054
Sterile tissue-culture grade PBS	Fisher Scientific	50-751-7476
Sterle 25 ml serological pipet	Celltreat	667225B
TC treated 100 x 20 mm dishes	Genesee Scientific	25-202
TC treated 150 x 20 mm dishes	Genesee Scientific	25-203
TC treated 60 x 15 mm dishes	Genesee Scientific	25-260
Trypan blue	Fisher Scientific	C10228