Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Summary

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is one of the most widely used murine models of multiple sclerosis. In the current protocol, C57BL/6J mice of both sexes are immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, resulting mainly in ascending paresis of the tail and limbs. Here we discuss the protocol of EAE induction and evaluation.

Abstract

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by different prevalence in the sexes, affecting more women than men, and different outcomes, showing more aggressive forms in men than in women. Furthermore, MS is highly heterogeneous in terms of clinical aspects, radiological, and pathological features. Thus, it is necessary to take advantage of experimental animal models that allow the investigation of as many aspects of the pathology as possible. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) represents one of the most used models of MS in mice, modeling different disease features, from the activation of the immune system to CNS damage. Here we describe a protocol for the induction of EAE in both male and female C57BL/6J mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG_35-55) immunization, which leads to the development of a chronic form of the disease. We also report the evaluation of the daily clinical score and motor performance of these mice for 28 days post immunization (28 dpi). Lastly, we illustrate some basic histological analysis at the CNS level, focusing on the spinal cord as the primary site of disease-induced damage.

Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It shows the presence of perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells, demyelination, axonal loss, and gliosis¹. Its etiology remains unknown, and its clinical aspects, radiographic, and pathological features suggest remarkable heterogeneity in the disease².

Due to its unknown etiology and complexity, at present, no animal model recapitulates all the clinical and radiological features displayed in human MS^3,4. However, va....

Protocol

The animal care and handling in the present work was performed according to the European Union Council Directive of 22^nd September 2010 (2010/63/UE); all the procedures reported in the present study were approved by the Italian Ministry of Health (407/2018-PR) and by the Ethical Committee of the University of Torino (Project n° 360384). We suggest conforming to the experimental design to the ARRIVE guidelines originally published by Kilkenny et al. in 2010²⁰. Before starting, ensure that the necessary materials are available (see Table of Materials). Sterilize all glassware and utensils used for the preparation ....

Results

EAE follow-up after immunization
This was assessed as described below.

Body weight and food intake
The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (sex and time as independent variables) shows a decrease in the BW of EAE animals of both sexes, especially within the second week post induction (F_(1,57) = 4.952, p < 0.001; Figure 2A). However, the sexual dimorphism in BW is always maintained (

Discussion

The MOG_35-55-induced EAE protocol that we described led to the development of a chronic form of MS in C57BL/6J mice^7,8,13. In these representative results, we reported that the animals of both sexes that underwent the immunization procedure developed a chronic form of the disease (i.e., they do not fully recover after the disease onset, they accumulate deficits, and maintain a CS at least of 1.5 in the chronic phase)........

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
18 G x 1 ½“ 1.2 x 40 mm needle for the glass syringe	Terumo	TER-HYP-18G-112-PIN
Digital camera connected to the optical microscope	NIKON DS-U1 digital camera
Electronic precision balance	Merck	Mod. Kern-440-47N, resolution 0.1 g
Eosin Y	Sigma-Aldrich	HT110216
Glass syringe pipet “ultra asept” 10 ml	Sacco System	L003465
Glassware (i.e., becker to prepare the emulsion)	VWR	213-1170, 213-1172
Hematoxylin (Mayer’s)	Sigma-Aldrich	MHS32	Filter before using it.
Image analysis Software	Fiji
Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA)	Sigma-Aldrich	F5506	Store at +4 °C.
Isoflurane	Wellona Pharma		This drug is used as inhalational anaesthetic.
Male and female C57BL/6J mice	Jackson Laboratory, Envigo		Age 8-10 weeks, optimal body weight of ~20 g.
Microtome	Leica HistoCore BIOCUT R
Mounting Medium	Merck	107961
Mouse Rotarod	Ugo Basile	#47600
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT), strain H37Ra	Difco Laboratories Inc.	231141	Store at +4 °C.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55)	Espikem	EPK1	Store at -80 °C diluted (2 mg/mL) in physiological solution; prepare it on the day of the immunization to avoid, as much as possible, alterations or contaminations.
Optical microscope	NIKON eclipse 90i
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Sigma-Aldrich	158127	Store at +4 °C once diluted (4%) in phosphate buffer.
Pertussis toxin (PT)	Duotech	PT.181	Store at -80°C diluted (concentration 5 µg/mL) in physiological solution
Physiological solution (sodium chloride 0.9% solution)	B. Eurospital	A 032182038	Store at +4 °C once opened.
Saline phosphate buffer (PBS)	Thermo Scientific	J61196.AP
Software for image acquisition	NIS-Element AR 2.10
Syringes U-100 0.5 mL with 30 G x 5/16” (0.30 x 8 mm) in fixed needle	Nipro	SYMS-0.5U100-3008B-EC
Syringes U-100 1 mL with 26G x ½” (0.45 x 12.7 mm) in needle	PIC	20,71,26,03,00,354
Vet ointment for eyes	Lacrilube, Lacrigel Europhta
Xylazine	Rompun		This mixture of drug is used as injectable anaesthetic and sedative.
Zolazepam and Tiletamine	Zoletil  100		This drug is used as injectable anaesthetic, sedative, muscle relaxer, and analgesic