Development and Optimization of A Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient-Derived Organoid Model for Potential Target Identification and Drug Discovery

Summary

We provide a comprehensive overview and refinement of existing protocols for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) organoid formation, encompassing all stages of organoid cultivation. This system serves as a valuable model for the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the assessment of drug candidate effectiveness.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal tumor worldwide and its late discovery and lack of effective specific therapeutic agents necessitate further research into its pathogenesis and treatment. Organoids, a novel model that closely resembles native tumor tissue and can be cultured in vitro, have garnered significant interest in recent years, with numerous reports on the development of organoid models for liver cancer. In this study, we have successfully optimized the procedure and established a culture protocol that enables the formation of larger-sized HCC organoids with stable passaging and culture conditions. We have comprehensively outlined each step of the procedure, covering the entire process of HCC tissue dissociation, organoid plating, culture, passaging, cryopreservation, and resuscitation, and provided detailed precautions in this paper. These organoids exhibit genetic similarity to the original HCC tissues and can be utilized for diverse applications, including the identification of potential therapeutic targets for tumors and subsequent drug development.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a prevalent and extensively diverse tumor¹, has garnered considerable attention within the medical community. The presence of lineage plasticity and substantial heterogeneity in HCC suggests that tumor cells originating from various patients and even distinct lesions within the same patient may manifest dissimilar molecular and phenotypic traits, thereby presenting formidable obstacles in the advancement of innovative therapeutic approaches^2,3,4,5. Consequently, there is an imperative n....

Protocol

Human-biopsied tissues were obtained from the respective patient at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. See the Table of Materials for details about all materials, reagents, and instruments used in this protocol.

1. Establishing patient-derived HCC organoids from surgical samples

NOTE: The establishment of HCC organoids encompasses various stages, namely tissue dissociation, organoid plating, culture, passaging, cryopreservation, and resuscitation. The process of tissue dissociation requi....

Results

Upon implementing the aforementioned procedure, the emergence of HCC organoid spheroids is typically observable within a span of 3 days (Figure 1). Figure 1A,B show the established HCC organoid, which promptly develops compact spheroids characterized by rounded edges and permeable cytosol on the initial day of establishment. During the growth of HCC organoids, the use of different concentrations of BME had different effects on the growth rate of.......

Discussion

One notable benefit of patient-derived organoid models lies in their capacity to faithfully replicate the biological characteristics of tumors, encompassing tissue structure and genomic landscape. These models demonstrate a remarkable level of accuracy and effectively mirror the heterogeneity and progression of tumors, even over extended periods of cultivation^6,8,9. Through the utilization of this refined organoid culture protoc.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
[Leu15]-gastrin I human	Merck	G9145
1.5 mL Microtubes	Merck	AXYMCT150LC
A8301 (TGFβ inhibitor)	Tocris Bioscience	2939
B27 Supplement (503), minus vitamin A	Thermo Fisher Scientific	12587010
B-27 Supplement (503), serum-free	Thermo Fisher Scientific	17504044
BMP7	Peprotech	120-03P
Cell strainer size 100 μm	Merck	CLS352360
CHIR99021	Merck	SML1046
Collagenase D	Merck	11088858001
Corning Costar Ultra-Low	Merck	CLS3473
Costar 24-well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates, Individually Wrapped, Sterile	Corning	3473
Costar 6-well Clear Flat Bottom Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plates, Individually Wrapped, Sterile	Corning	3471
Cultrex Organoid Harvesting Solution	R&D SYSTEMS	3700-100-01	Organoid harvesting solution
Cultrex Reduced Growth Factor BME, Type 2 PathClear (BME)	Merck	3533-005-02
DAPT	Merck	D5942
Dexamethasone	Merck	D4902
DMSO	Merck	C6164
DNaseI	Merck	DN25
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Ham's F-12	Thermo Fisher Scientific	12634028	Advanced DMEM/F-12
Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	24010043
Forceps	N/A	N/A
Forskolin	Tocris Bioscience	1099
GlutaMAX supplement	Thermo Fisher Scientific	35050061
HEPES, 1 M	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15630080
Leica DM6 B Fluorescence Motorized Microscope	Leica	N/A
N2 supplement (1003)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	17502048
N-acetylcysteine	Merck	A0737-5MG
Nicotinamide	Merck	N0636
Nunc 15 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	339651
Nunc 50 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes	Thermo Fisher Scientific	339653
Penicillin/streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	15140122
Recombinant human EGF	Peprotech	AF-100-15
Recombinant human FGF10	Peprotech	100-26
Recombinant human FGF19	Peprotech	100-32
Recombinant human HGF	Peprotech	100-39
Recombinant human Noggin	Peprotech	120-10C
Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 dihydrochloride	Merck	Y0503
R-spodin1-conditioned medium	(Broutier et al.)	N/A	Secretion of cell lines
Surgical scissors	N/A	N/A
Surgical specimen of tumor removed from HCC patients	Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University	N/A
TNFα	Peprotech	315-01A
TrypLE Express Enzyme (1x), no phenol red	Thermo Fisher Scientific	12604013	Trypsin substitute
Wnt-3a-conditioned medium	(Broutier et al.)	N/A	Secretion of cell lines