Murine Model of Advanced Periodontitis Induced by Nylon Ligature in the Second Upper Molar

Summary

This study describes a modified 6-0 nylon ligation method for inducing periodontitis in mice, which is highly reproducible and represents an alternative for researchers to study periodontal disease from its development to its pathological consequences.

Abstract

Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disorder affecting the supporting tissues of teeth and is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Its severe form, periodontitis, leads to the destruction of soft tissue, teeth, and bone. Animal models of periodontitis have been developed using primates, dogs, miniature pigs, and mice. Among these, the ligature-induced mouse model offers advantages such as rapid disease progression, reproducibility, predictability, and low cost while effectively replicating key aspects of human periodontitis. Mouse models using ligatures have provided valuable insights into the microbiological and immunological microenvironments of periodontal tissue, highlighting the critical role of biofilms in immune responses and their association with systemic diseases. This study presents a modified nylon ligation method for inducing periodontitis in mice. The modification involves using a nylon suture instead of a silk suture and placing it beneath the interproximal contact area rather than passing it through the contact point. This approach simplifies the technique while effectively inducing periodontitis. The detailed methodology for suture placement is graphically illustrated, and the progression of periodontitis is demonstrated through histological and histometric analyses.

Introduction

Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory disorder of the supporting tissues of teeth and is among the most prevalent diseases in the world¹; the incidence of PD has been reported to range from 20%-50% worldwide². PD has different degrees of progression; its mild form, called gingivitis, affects only soft tissues, and its severe form, called periodontitis (PT), affects hard tissues such as bone³. Since PT is an inflammatory disease, it must be considered a complex immune response that can be modified by several risk factors that can alter the disease process⁴, such as diabetes mellitus⁵, cardiovascular diseases⁶, hormonal interactions such as adverse pregnancy outcomes⁷ or preeclampsia⁸, inflammatory diseases⁹, and even ocular alterations¹⁰ or dementia¹¹.

Therefore, to understand the etiology associated with the development or prevalence of PT, to test new or more effective therapeutic strategies, or to identify any correlation between systemic diseases and PT or the periodontal microbiota, animal models are needed¹².

Choosing an effective research method is crucial for understanding the development of PT and adequately answering research questions¹³. Over the years, different animal models have been developed for the study of PT; however, models such as primates, dogs, rabbits, and miniature pigs are expensive and complex to use^14,15,16. Murine models of PT, particularly the ligation-induced PT model, have numerous advantages, including rapid development, reproducibility, predictability, and low cost^17,18,19.

Although several methods are used to induce PT, such as oral bacterial inoculation, lipopolysaccharide injection, and ligature induction^10,20, each has advantages and disadvantages¹⁷, the murine model of PT induced by nylon ligature resembled the human mechanism for its development^20,21,22,23. PT occurs through the retention of the resident microbiota, causing inflammation and leading to tissue loss. Furthermore, mice can be genetically modified to study different cell populations or molecules of interest for the study of PT.

Dental ligation can be performed using different materials, such as orthodontic wires, silk sutures^24,25, or nylon sutures²⁶. The most common material for inducing PT by ligation in mice is silk; this methodology has been explained by different authors, such as Marchesan et al.¹⁸, Abe et al.²⁷, and Chadwick et al.²², each with their own modifications, and all of these methods have been used successfully by several researchers²⁸. However, placing a silk suture around the upper molars in mice can be complex. Marchesan et al. suggested the use of a "ligature holder"; Abe et al. and Chadwick et al. placed the suture through the contact point, although Chadwick et al. placed it around molars M1 and M2.

Nylon sutures of different thicknesses have been used for PT development in different animal models^29,30,31. Lima et al.³¹ used 5-0 nylon sutures; in previous studies, we used 6-0 nylon sutures with similar results²⁸.

Compared with multifilament sutures, nylon sutures are non-resorbable monofilament synthetic and exhibit a lower inflammatory tissue response³²; in addition, nylon sutures also allow microbial accumulation^33,34, and there is evidence of the adhesion of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromona intermedia^35,36, along with facultative anaerobic bacteria in nylon sutures^{12,14,17,19,24,27,35,37} (Table 1).

These characteristics may allow the inflammatory response to be focused mostly on bacterial accumulation rather than material accumulation. In addition, nylon has better mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, than silk³⁸.

Therefore, in the present study, the 6-0 nylon suture placed around M2 under the interproximal contact area induced the development of advanced-stage periodontitis in the mouse. This approach allows ligature placement with regular tissue forceps, and the results are consistent. After 30 days, the development of PT can be confirmed by histometric and histological analysis.

Protocol

All procedures involving experimental animals were conducted in strict compliance with the 'Ethical Framework for Biomedical Research on Laboratory Animals,' following the official Mexican standard NOM-062-ZOO-1999. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-Iztacala) under protocol CE/FESI/072024/1765. The mice were housed in animal chambers with free access to food and water in a pathogen-free environment at the FES-Iztacala animal facility. This protocol is a modification of the method previously described by Abe et al.²⁷. Six- to eight-week-old female BALB/c mice (weighing 16 g) were divided into control (CTL) and periodontitis (PT) groups. Periodontitis was induced by placing a 6-0 nylon suture on Day 0 to promote sustained bacterial adhesion and trigger severe, chronic disease progression. After 30 days, all mice were euthanized (following institutionally approved protocols) to assess tissue damage and attachment loss (AL) through histometric analysis (Figure 1). Details of the reagents and equipment used are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Anesthesia preparation

1. Prepare a dilution of xylazine and ketamine (1:10) with injectable water (stock). Store at 4 °C and use within 4 weeks.
2. Identify and weigh each mouse. Prepare a weight-based dose of xylazine (1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2 mg/kg) for intramuscular application using an insulin syringe.
3. Inject 50% of the total dose of the anesthetic solution into the hindquarter. Repeat the procedure on the opposite side.
4. Place the mice in a deep box (10 cm³) and allow them to fall asleep, which takes approximately 3-5 min.
5. Prevent eye dryness and cornea damage due to anesthesia by applying a hypromellose drop to each eye every 15 min until the mice are fully awake and can blink normally.
   NOTE: The mice must be kept under observation for 45 min, the approximate duration of anesthesia. If a mouse wakes up before the procedure is completed, the procedure should be suspended, and the mouse should be replaced.

2. Animal positioning

1. Once the mouse is asleep, place it on a worktable facing up with its head toward the operator. Gently pull each leg without tension and secure them with micropore tape to prevent sudden involuntary movements. Cover the mouse with a blanket or gauze to maintain body heat.
2. To keep the mouth open, place one end of an orthodontic elastic around the upper incisors and secure the other end to an upper holder without tension. Place a second orthodontic elastic around the inferior incisors and secure it to an inferior holder with a rubber band.
3. Place the cheek separators and carefully move the tongue to one side for better visibility.
4. Position the microscope to allow adequate visualization of the upper molars, starting with the lowest magnification objective. Once located, adjust the magnification to ensure optimal comfort and focus for the operator.

3. Ligature placement

1. Once the image is clear, identify the three upper molars: the largest and proximal molar (M1), the next molar (M2), and the smallest and distal molar (M3). Place a 6-0 nylon suture, as its diameter facilitates ligature placement and causes less mechanical damage to tissues than wider sutures.
   1. Locate the distal side of M2, hold the tip of the 6-0 nylon suture with tissue forceps, and place the tip at the base of the papilla from the palatine. Apply light pressure through the base of the interproximal palatal space toward the buccal surface (Figure 2A).
   2. Once the 6-0 nylon suture crosses, pull it through the interproximal space toward the buccal side (Figure 2B).
2. Place the tip of the 6-0 nylon suture at the base of the interproximal area at the mesial surface of M2 from the buccal side. Gently push the tip of the suture to cross it under the interproximal space and pass it through the buccal space back to the palatine (Figure 2C).
3. Pull the 6-0 nylon suture gently, hold the tip with tissue forceps, adjust it around M2, and secure the suture with three simple knots.
4. Cut the 6-0 nylon suture with fine scissors (Figure 2D).

4. Animal recovery

1. To release the mouse, first, remove the elastic around the lower incisors, then remove the cheek separators, remove micropore tape from the legs, then remove the elastic around the upper incisors.
   1. Remove the mouse from the worktable, wrap it in gauze or cloth, and place it face up. Maintain the tongue to the side to keep the airway open and prevent blockage.
2. Keep the animal warm, covered with cloth or gauze, and under observation until they are completely awake. Then, place them in their regular cages.
3. Apply a hypromellose drop in each eye until the mouse can blink normally.
4. Keep the animal under standard conditions.

5. Ligature check

1. Check the permanence of the nylon ligature every week (Figure 3A,B).
2. Take the mouse, hold the head and body firmly, and use tissue forceps to open the mouth. Observe the 6-0 nylon suture around M2 under the light of a lamp.
3. Establish the development of periodontal disease based on biofilm accumulation and mechanical irritation. Verify this through histological analysis.
   NOTE: Analgesia is not necessary based on the understanding of the pain associated with the periodontitis development.

6. Histology

1. After 30 days, euthanize the mice in a CO₂ chamber (following institutionally approved protocols). Harvest the maxillae as previously reported³⁹. Wash the harvested tissues in a 0.9% NaCl solution and place them in new, labeled microcentrifuge tubes.
2. Fix the samples in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 2 h with agitation.
3. Wash the samples with tap water for 2 h.
4. To remove minerals from bone and prepare high-quality paraffin sections, decalcify the samples in twenty volumes of a 4% EDTA (pH 7.3) solution for 20 days in microcentrifuge tubes, change the EDTA every 4 days⁴⁰.
5. Embed the samples in paraffin. Cut 5-µm sections of the M2 area and stain them with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)⁴¹.

7. Data analysis

1. Observe the stained histological sections under an optical microscope to perform a descriptive analysis of changes in the configuration of the sulcus epithelium, gingival fibers, periodontal fibers, height, and alveolar crest integrity.
2. Determine attachment loss (AL) by measuring the distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the highest point of the bone crest. Draw a line between these two points using a digital editing program. Perform histometric analysis on the buccal and palatal surfaces according to the methodology described by Semenoff et al.⁴² (Figure 4).

8. Statistical analysis

1. Analyze the data obtained from the CTL and PT groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Consider p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Use statistics and graphing software for analysis.

Results

This methodology allows induced mice to develop periodontitis (PT) from the second week onward. The mice were monitored weekly to verify the presence of the ligature. Euthanasia was performed on day 30. The clinical characteristics of all the groups were assessed. The control group maintained normal characteristics, such as color and the structure of the marginal gingiva, over time. Compared with those in the CTL group, the PT group tissues showed inflammation, bleeding, and periodontal pocket formation, which were obser...

Discussion

Several animal models of periodontitis have been used to evaluate different aspects, such as microbiological and immune responses, and have some similarities with human disease⁴³. These findings provide evidence of the framework of periodontal disease, such as the role of biofilms, the immune response, and interactions with systemic conditions^44,45.

The animal models of periodontitis have different complexities ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% NaCl solution	PiSA		Rinse maxillae
6-0 nylon suture	Atramat, Internacional Farmacéutica	PE1946-N	Ligature placement
Amscope 3.7 program for digital camera	Amscope	x64, 4.11.21973.20230107	Data colection
EDTA solution	Sigma–Aldrich	E5134	Decalcification
Fine scissors	generic		To cut the 6-0 nylon suture
Fine tissue forceps	generic		6-0 nylon suture
Gauze pad	generic		To keep corporal tempature
GraphPad Prism	GraphPad Prism	Version 8.3.0	Data analysis
Hypromellose	generic		Eye lubricant
Injectable water	Pisa		Dilution of anesthetic solution
Ketamine	Anesket, Pisa		Anesthetic
Micro centrifuge tubes	Cellpro	801501	To contain tissues durin decalcification
Micropore	3M	1533	To fix mouse
Microscope digital camera	Amscope	MU1603	Histology
Microtubes	Axygen	MCT-150-C	Store anesthetic dilution
Optical microscope	UNICO	Serie G380	Histology
Orhodontic elastics	TP Orthodintics, Inc	blue	To keep the snout open
Paraformaldehyde solution	Sigma–Aldrich	158127	Tissue Fixation
Paraplast	Leica	39601006	Histology
Surgical microscope	Carl Zeiss GmbH Berlin		6-0 nylon suture
Ultra Fine Insulin Syringes 6mm U-100, 0.3 mL	BD	326385	To inject the anesthetic solution
Universal rubber bands	generic		To keep the snout open
Worktable	Generic		Wooden base to support mice
Xylazine	Porcin, Pisa		Preanesthetic