Cam Pathway
Cam Pathway - Related Videos
01:27
C4 Pathway and CAM
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2019
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy. C4 Pathway The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
17:23
Chick ex ovo Culture and ex ovo CAM Assay: How it Really Works
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Cited by 110 •
2009
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a unique, naturally immunodeficient supportive culture environment to study angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. This video article demonstrates the different steps in chick ex ovo culture, application of potentially angiogenic substances and successful inoculation of tumor cells and tissues on the surface of the CAM.
12:44
The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma
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Cited by 64 •
2013
The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.
04:44
Renal Organotypic Culture on Chicken CAM: A Technique for Transplantation of Murine Kidney Explants on Chicken CAM to Induce Formation of Renal Vascular Architecture
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2023
This video describes a method for studying organ development using an improved xenotransplantation setup on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) from avian embryos. This method allows for the development of fully vascularized cultured embryonic organs and organoids.
08:17
The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Cited by 62 •
2015
The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it a natural in vivo model of tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this protocol, we describe a reliable method of growing three-dimensional, vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors using the CAM assay.
FAQs
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase captures carbon dioxide during the nighttime phase and directs it into organic acid production, mainly malate. This step allows carbon to be fixed while stomata are open under cooler, often more humid conditions. The resulting malate serves as a stored carbon source that can later supply carbon dioxide for sugar production.
The separation reduces the need to keep stomata open during hot, dry daylight conditions. Carbon dioxide enters at night, when water loss is limited relative to daytime conditions, and stored malate releases it during the day for the Calvin cycle. This timing improves water-use efficiency while still supporting photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
Vacuoles provide a storage location for malate produced during nighttime carbon fixation. Accumulating the organic acid there helps preserve the captured carbon until daylight, when it can release carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle. This storage function is central to separating nighttime carbon capture from daytime sugar production.
Lower nighttime temperatures and often higher nighttime humidity create conditions in which opening stomata causes less water loss than it would during the day. CAM plants therefore take in carbon dioxide at night and keep stomata closed during daylight. The strategy is especially valuable where heat and dryness would otherwise increase dehydration.
At night, stomata open and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase converts incoming carbon dioxide into organic acids, chiefly malate. The malate accumulates in vacuoles until daylight. During the day, stomata close, stored malate releases carbon dioxide, and the Calvin cycle uses that carbon dioxide to support sugar production while limiting water loss.
The pathway is important for understanding how plants survive in deserts, saline habitats, and other dry environments. By coordinating gas exchange, organic-acid storage, and sugar production across the day-night cycle, it helps plants maintain carbon fixation under water-limited conditions. In biology, it illustrates how photosynthesis can be adapted to environmental stress.