Culture-independent Method
Culture-independent Method - Related Videos
01:21
Introduction to Test of Independence
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2025
In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values. The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test: where: O = observed values E = expected values (which should be at least 5) A test of independence determines whether...
01:16
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence
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2023
The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are: H0: The two variables (factors)...
05:08
Manipulating an Independent Variable through Embodiment
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University In any experiment, the researcher attempts to manipulate participants in one group to have different thoughts, experiences, or feelings than the other groups in the study. Some manipulations are overt, while others can be quite subtle. Embodiment is a growing research area focused on the theory that subtle physical experiences can unconsciously influence a person’s thoughts. For example if a...
01:14
Analysis Methods of Pharmacokinetic Data: Model and Model-Independent Approaches
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2025
Drug disposition in the body is a complex process and can be studied using two major approaches: the model and the model-independent approaches. The model approach uses mathematical models to describe changes in drug concentration over time. Pharmacokinetic models help characterize drug behavior in patients, predict drug concentration in the body fluids, calculate optimum dosage regimens, and evaluate the risk of toxicity. However, ensuring that the model fits the experimental data accurately...
02:36
Law of Independent Assortment
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2026
While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.Let’s think of two homozygous...
FAQs
The central analytical step is to examine biological material directly rather than first producing laboratory cultures. Researchers extract nucleic acids from the material and analyze them with polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, or metagenomics. These approaches detect genetic markers and support reconstruction of community composition, allowing investigators to characterize microorganisms that may be difficult or impossible to cultivate.
Genetic markers provide detectable molecular features that help identify microorganisms within biological material. When analyzed through amplification or sequencing, they can reveal which organisms are present and contribute to estimates of microbial diversity and abundance. This makes marker-based analysis useful for describing communities whose members may not be represented by available laboratory cultures.
Culture-independent analysis broadens microbial investigation beyond organisms that grow under laboratory conditions, while culture-based research focuses on organisms that can be cultivated. Using both approaches can connect direct community-level observations with information obtained from laboratory growth. The combined perspective supports a more complete study of microbial diversity, ecology, and possible disease associations.
A typical workflow begins with biological material collected from an environment or microbiome, followed by extraction of nucleic acids. The extracted material can then be examined using polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, or metagenomics. Results are interpreted through detected genetic markers and reconstructed community composition, producing information about the microorganisms present and their relative abundance or functional potential.
Metagenomics is useful when the goal extends beyond detecting individual genetic markers to examining the genetic content of a microbial community. By analyzing biological material directly, it can support reconstruction of community composition and assessment of functional potential. This makes it relevant to studies of complex communities in soil, water, and the human microbiome.
These methods can characterize microbial diversity, estimate abundance, and investigate functional potential across varied biological settings. In microbial ecology, they help describe communities in soil and water; in human microbiome research, they support community analysis; and in disease investigations, they can reveal organisms or genes that might otherwise remain unrecognized through culture-based work alone.