Microbiome Imbalance

Microbiome imbalance, or dysbiosis, is a disruption in the composition, diversity, or activity of microorganisms living in and on the body, particularly in the gut. Changes in diet, medications, infection, or other environmental conditions can alter microbial communities, reducing beneficial interactions and shifting the production of metabolites that influence digestion, epithelial barrier function, and immune signaling. In biology, studying dysbiosis helps researchers investigate its associations with gastrointestinal, metabolic, and immune-related conditions. Microbiome profiling, culture-based analysis, and measurement of microbial metabolites can reveal how community changes affect host physiology and guide research into dietary, microbial, or therapeutic interventions.

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JoVE Core - Anatomy and Physiology

Homeostatic Imbalance

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2025

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The body has various control mechanisms that work together to regulate various physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance, to name a few. These control mechanisms are based on feedback loops that can be either positive or negative. However, sometimes these feedback loops fail,...

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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2025

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation. CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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2024

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...

Microbiome of the Eye

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2026

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

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2024

Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock. Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...

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