Rho Subfamily
Rho Subfamily - Related Videos
01:24
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho
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2023
Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides. Three regulatory proteins control their activity: Guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GEF, GTPase-activating proteins or GAPs, and Guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors or GDIs. The GEF activates the GTPase by exchanging the bound-GDP with GTP. The GTPases’...
01:21
Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins
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2023
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
11:28
Affinity Precipitation of Active Rho-GEFs Using a GST-tagged Mutant Rho Protein (GST-RhoA(G17A)) from Epithelial Cell Lysates
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Cited by 14 •
2012
The method presented here describes an assay to follow activation of RhoA specific GDP/GTP Exchange Factors (GEFs) in cultured cells by making use of a mutant RhoA GST fusion protein that has high affinity for activated GEFs. GEFs are precipitated from cell lysates, detected by Western blotting and quantified by densitometry.
08:00
Enhancing the Engraftment of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes via a Transient Inhibition of Rho Kinase Activity
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Cited by 8 •
2019
In this protocol, we demonstrate and elaborate on how to use human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiomyocyte differentiation and purification, and further, on how to improve its transplantation efficiency with Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor pretreatment in a mouse myocardial infarction model.
02:57
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs
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2020
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
FAQs
The timing and location of signaling depend on three regulatory groups: guanine nucleotide exchange factors promote the GTP-bound state, GTPase-activating proteins support return to the GDP-bound state, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors regulate nucleotide exchange and localization. Their coordinated action prevents persistent or misplaced signaling, allowing cytoskeletal changes to occur in the appropriate cellular region and at the appropriate time.
RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 produce distinct cytoskeletal outcomes rather than interchangeable responses. RhoA is associated with contractile fibers, Rac1 with lamellipodia, and Cdc42 with filopodia. Comparing these outputs helps connect particular Rho-family members with the physical features cells use to generate shape, movement, adhesion, and division.
The nucleotide state provides a reversible control point for signaling. A GTP-bound form is active, whereas a GDP-bound form is inactive, so switching between them determines when a Rho-family protein can influence cytoskeletal remodeling. This reversibility allows cells to coordinate changing behaviors instead of maintaining one structural or motile state continuously.
Changes in Rho signaling can be related to the remodeling of actin structures that support cell shape and movement. Contractile fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia provide distinct structural outcomes associated with different family members. Examining these relationships helps explain how cells alter their form, establish adhesion, and move through changing tissue environments.
Rho signaling provides a framework for understanding how cells organize and move during embryonic development, wound repair, and immune-cell migration. These processes require coordinated changes in shape, adhesion, and division. Studying the pathway therefore connects molecular switching and cytoskeletal remodeling with larger biological outcomes involving tissue organization and repair.
The Rho Subfamily is relevant to disease research because disrupted signaling can alter the cellular behaviors that support movement, adhesion, and division. Such changes may contribute to abnormal invasion or proliferation. Linking Rho-regulated cytoskeletal remodeling with these disease processes helps researchers investigate how altered molecular control can produce inappropriate tissue behavior.