Reductive Elimination
Reductive Elimination - Related Videos
13:06
Improved In-gel Reductive β-Elimination for Comprehensive O-linked and Sulfo-glycomics by Mass Spectrometry
0 Views •
Cited by 6 •
2014
In order to comprehensively explore the diversity of O-linked glycans, a new procedure for in-gel reductive β-elimination, combined with permethylation and a rapid phase-partition method, is applied to the analysis of O-linked glycans directly released from glycoproteins resolved by SDS-PAGE and amenable to subsequent glycomic analysis by mass spectrometry.
03:11
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
0 Views •
2020
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Earth’s atmosphere contains about 20% molecular oxygen, O2, a chemically reactive gas that plays an essential role in the metabolism of aerobic organisms and in many environmental processes that shape the world. The term oxidation was originally used to describe chemical reactions involving O2, but its meaning has evolved to refer to a broad and important reaction class known as oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions. Some redox reactions involve the transfer of...
01:26
Enhanced Elimination of Poison
0 Views •
2023
Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures. Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death. Renal excretion is the...
00:51
Radical Formation: Elimination
0 Views •
2023
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
01:17
Kinetics of Drug Elimination
0 Views •
2023
Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes. Drug clearance depends on the rate of drug elimination and its plasma concentration. Another important parameter is the half-life of a drug, which is the time required for its concentration to decrease by half. In most cases, drug clearance follows first-order...
FAQs
Cis placement brings the two ligands into the geometry required for direct bond formation at the metal center. From this arrangement, they can pass through a concerted three-center transition state as their new covalent bond develops. The resulting geometry helps explain why ligand positioning strongly influences whether reductive elimination can occur efficiently.
The metal center undergoes two linked changes: its oxidation state decreases, and its coordination number falls as the coupled ligands leave as an organic product. This produces a lower-valent, coordinatively unsaturated complex. That altered metal state is important because it allows the catalyst to continue through subsequent steps of a catalytic cycle.
A three-center transition state represents simultaneous interaction among the metal and both ligands while the new ligand-ligand bond forms. The process is therefore concerted rather than described as two separate bond-breaking and bond-making events. This model connects the required cis arrangement with the coordinated release of the newly coupled product.
The reaction can form carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and related covalent bonds when the corresponding ligands are attached to the metal center. This bond-forming capability explains its importance in synthetic chemistry, particularly where a metal-mediated step must join organic fragments into a new product within a larger reaction sequence.
Within palladium- and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling, reductive elimination serves as the product-forming stage that joins two metal-bound ligands. After the organic product departs, the catalyst becomes lower valent and coordinatively unsaturated. That species can re-enter the catalytic cycle, linking one bond-forming event to continued catalytic turnover.
Product release leaves a lower-valent metal complex with fewer ligands and an unsatisfied coordination environment. Rather than representing only the end of a reaction, this state provides the catalyst with a form that can participate again in the catalytic cycle. Its regeneration is therefore central to sustained catalytic cross-coupling chemistry.
Reductive elimination provides a direct metal-mediated route to new covalent bonds between ligands that were previously attached to the same metal center. Its importance extends across palladium- and nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, where it enables construction of carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, and related bonds used to assemble organic products.