Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid Nodules - Related Videos
04:23
A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Cited by 6 •
2023
Here, a new model for thyroid nodule detection in ultrasound images is proposed, which uses Swin Transformer as the backbone to perform long-range context modeling. Experiments prove that it performs well in terms of sensitivity and accuracy.
03:02
Orthotopic Inoculation of Thyroid Cancer Cells into Murine Thyroid: A Procedure to Establish Orthotopic Thyroid Cancer Mouse Model
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2023
This video describes the procedure for orthotopic inoculation of thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid gland of mouse models, which may then serve as a valuable platform to assess carcinogenesis and discover potential treatment strategies.
08:33
An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Cited by 14 •
2014
This protocol describes dissection of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen and the culture of explants on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. This system is ideal to study morphogenetic or differentiation events occurring during thyroid development of wild type or knockout embryos, and is amenable to gain- and loss-of-function experiments.
07:01
An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Cited by 10 •
2013
Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.
03:07
India Ink Inflation: A Staining Method to Visualize Tumor Nodules
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2023
This video describes india ink inflation--a staining method--to quantify tumor nodules in tumor-bearing mouse lungs. After staining, the lungs are fixed in Fekete's solution to observe tumor nodules in the lungs.
FAQs
Localized proliferation of thyroid cells, cyst formation, and other structural changes can produce nodules with different effects on gland activity. Some nodules may alter hormone production, while others primarily represent structural abnormalities without a stated functional effect. Assessing both the nodule’s structure and its relationship to thyroid function helps clinicians determine which findings require closer evaluation.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone testing helps place a nodule within the broader assessment of thyroid function. Because nodules may alter hormone production, laboratory results add functional information to the structural findings seen on examination and ultrasound. This combined evaluation supports risk stratification and helps clinicians plan whether further assessment, surveillance, or treatment is appropriate.
Ultrasound provides structural information that cannot be obtained from thyroid-stimulating hormone testing alone. Features seen on imaging help clinicians characterize the nodule and estimate whether it appears suitable for observation or requires additional investigation. In combination with medical history and laboratory findings, ultrasound supports more accurate risk stratification and can help avoid unnecessary procedures.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy provides additional information when the clinical assessment indicates that sampling is needed. Its role is to help distinguish benign nodules from findings that may require surveillance or treatment. The decision to perform aspiration is not based on one feature alone; clinicians consider medical history, thyroid-stimulating hormone results, ultrasound findings, and the nodule’s overall risk profile.
Evaluation begins with medical history and clinical assessment, followed by thyroid-stimulating hormone testing and ultrasound examination. If these findings indicate that tissue assessment is appropriate, clinicians may perform fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The results are then used to classify the nodule’s risk and guide surveillance, treatment, or additional clinical decision-making.
Surveillance may be appropriate when clinical assessment supports a lower-risk finding that does not require immediate intervention. Decisions incorporate the nodule’s structure, ultrasound features, thyroid function information, and any biopsy results when aspiration is indicated. This approach allows clinicians to monitor relevant changes while reducing unnecessary procedures for nodules that do not currently warrant treatment.
Management depends on the nodule’s assessed risk and functional or structural effects. Options described in the clinical evaluation pathway include surgery or targeted therapy, while other nodules may remain under surveillance. Personalized selection requires integrating history, thyroid-stimulating hormone testing, ultrasound findings, and, when indicated, fine-needle aspiration results rather than relying on a single measurement.
Personalized risk stratification links the nodule’s structure and function with the patient’s clinical findings. It helps separate benign nodules from those needing closer surveillance or treatment and supports decisions about whether biopsy or intervention is justified. By matching management to assessed risk, clinicians can guide appropriate care while avoiding unnecessary procedures and focusing treatment when it is needed.