Membrane-bound Il21
Membrane-bound Il21 - Related Videos
11:02
Natural Killer (NK) and CAR-NK Cell Expansion Method using Membrane Bound-IL-21-Modified B Cell Line
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Cited by 7 •
2022
Here, we present a method to expand peripheral blood natural killer (PBNK), NK cells from liver tissues, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or cord blood (CB). This protocol demonstrates the expansion of NK and CAR-NK cells using 221-mIL-21 feeder cells in addition to the optimized purity of expanded NK cells.
03:47
Screening Inhibitors of Bacterial Membrane-Bound Pyrophosphatase Using a Colorimetric Assay
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2025
Source: Vidilaseris, K., et al. Screening for Thermotoga maritima Membrane-Bound Pyrophosphatase Inhibitors. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates a colorimetric assay to screen inhibitors of bacterial membrane-bound pyrophosphatase (mPPase) by quantifying orthophosphate release. The method enables identification of compounds that inhibit mPPase from Thermotoga maritima, a potential antimicrobial drug target.
09:11
Screening for Thermotoga maritima Membrane-Bound Pyrophosphatase Inhibitors
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Cited by 6 •
2019
Here we present a screening method for membrane-bound pyrophosphatase (from Thermotoga maritima) inhibitors based on the molybdenum blue reaction in a 96 well plate format.
02:30
Isolation of Small Regulatory RNA–Bound Bacterial Target RNA Using Affinity Purification
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2025
Source: Mercier, N., et. al., MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the isolation of MS2-tagged small regulatory RNA (sRNA) bound to its bacterial target RNA using affinity purification with a maltose-binding protein (MBP)–MS2 coat protein fusion immobilized on amylose resin.
09:42
Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides
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Cited by 6 •
2012
We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.
FAQs
Contact with the displayed cytokine engages the IL-21 receptor on the neighboring lymphocyte, initiating JAK1 and JAK3 activation followed by STAT3 signaling. This pathway converts cell-to-cell recognition into changes in lymphocyte behavior, including proliferation, differentiation, and effector activity. The signaling connection explains how a surface-associated cue can regulate immune responses at a specific cellular interface.
Surface presentation links IL-21 activity to direct contact between an activated or engineered presenting cell and a receptor-bearing lymphocyte. Rather than acting as a broadly distributed signal in the surrounding environment, the cell-associated form concentrates communication at the interacting cell pair. This arrangement is useful for examining how immune-cell contact influences targeted proliferation, differentiation, and effector responses.
The interaction can affect several lymphocyte functions across T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Depending on the responding population, the resulting changes may include expansion, differentiation, antibody production, or cytotoxic activity. This range makes the system relevant to both adaptive and innate immune responses, while also providing a way to compare how different lymphocyte types respond to the same contact-dependent signal.
Engineered feeder cells can display membrane-bound IL-21 and be brought into contact with lymphocytes maintained outside the body. The feeder-cell surface supplies the contact-associated signal while the responding cells undergo expansion or functional changes. In immunology research, this setup is used particularly to study and improve ex vivo expansion of therapeutic natural killer and T cells.
Researchers can examine whether contact with IL-21-displaying feeder cells changes the number, differentiation state, or effector function of expanded natural killer and T cells. Functional outcomes may include cytotoxic activity, while broader immune effects include altered responses relevant to antiviral or antibacterial activity. These readouts connect the culture system with questions about immune regulation and therapeutic cell preparation.
Its relevance comes from connecting a defined cell-contact signal with immune activities that matter during infection, including antiviral and antibacterial responses. Studies can focus on communication among T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, then relate signaling to antibody production or cytotoxic function. The approach also supports therapeutic-cell research by testing how contact-based stimulation affects ex vivo expansion.