Ex Vivo Stimulation
Ex Vivo Stimulation - Related Videos
09:37
In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System
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Cited by 25 •
2015
Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.
11:44
Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
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Cited by 1 •
2014
The aim of the protocol is to use optimal methods for stimulating the cytoplasmic DNA sensing pathways in cells and in vivo. This is achieved by improving the generation of long, double-stranded DNA during blunt-end ligation. Cells or mice are then transfected using a lipid transfection reagent.
11:02
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
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Cited by 17 •
2010
In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.
12:00
Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation
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Cited by 7 •
2011
Adult-born neurons of the olfactory bulb can be optogenetically controlled using Channelrhodopsin2-expressing lentiviral injection in the rostral migratory stream and chronic photostimulation with an implanted miniature LED.
05:00
Ex Vivo T Cell Stimulation in the Pancreatic Tumor: A Method to Increase Cytokine Production in T Cells
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2023
This article describes the technique for ex vivo T cell stimulation to increase the intracellular concentration of cytokines such as interferon-gamma or IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-alpha in the T cell. These cytokines mediate an effective anti-tumor response and can have a therapeutic role in the...
FAQs
The stimulus determines which recognition pathway is engaged. Pathogen-derived molecules can activate pattern-recognition receptors, whereas defined antigens can engage antigen receptors; mitogens provide another type of activation signal. These routes converge on cellular signaling but may produce different combinations of cytokine release, proliferation, or altered cell-surface markers. Comparing these outputs helps distinguish response patterns rather than treating activation as a single outcome.
Ex vivo stimulation can separate functional readouts that reflect different aspects of immune activation. Cytokine release indicates secretory activity, proliferation indicates expansion after stimulation, and changes in cell-surface markers indicate an altered cellular state. Measuring more than one endpoint gives a fuller picture of leukocyte behavior and can reveal cases in which one response is preserved while another is impaired.
Because cells remain linked to individual donors, responses can be compared across people rather than reduced to a single pooled result. Differences in receptor-triggered signaling, cytokine production, proliferation, or marker changes may expose immune variability. Controlled stimulation helps interpret whether observed differences are associated with cellular responsiveness or the selected stimulus, making donor-specific patterns relevant to infection and immune-dysfunction studies.
A typical workflow begins with isolated leukocytes, followed by exposure to a defined antigen, pathogen-derived molecule, or mitogen under controlled laboratory conditions. Researchers then examine selected outcomes, such as cytokine release, proliferation, or cell-surface marker changes. Keeping the stimulus defined and the experimental setting controlled allows responses from different samples or conditions to be compared systematically.
Researchers can use the resulting response profiles to compare host reactions to infectious agents or to evaluate effects of vaccines and drugs. A stronger, weaker, or otherwise altered pattern across cytokines, proliferation, and surface markers can provide evidence of changed immune-cell function. The approach therefore supports both intervention studies and investigations of disease-associated immune dysfunction.
In infection research, the selected stimulus can model exposure to an antigen or pathogen-derived signal without examining the entire organism. This makes it possible to study how leukocytes from different donors respond to defined infectious cues and compare those responses with vaccine- or drug-related conditions. Such comparisons can connect cellular behavior with host-response variation and personalized immune analysis.