Macrophage Priming
Macrophage Priming - Related Videos
06:16
Verbal Priming
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum—Johns Hopkins University Human memory seems to work in two broad ways. Like modern computers, the human mind has explicit, or declarative, memory: ask a question, and a person gives the best answer they can. Input a query, and a computer program returns the contents of the relevant parts of its stored memory. Humans also have a second kind of memory system, one not really typical of computers, one that experimental psychologists call implicit. Implicit...
13:54
Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
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Cited by 2 •
2013
This technique provides a method to harvest, normalize and quantify intracellular growth of bacterial pathogens that are pre-cultivated in natural protozoan host cells prior to infections of mammalian cells. This method can be modified to accommodate a wide variety of host cells for the priming stage as well as target cell types.
03:05
In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Primary Monocytes into Macrophages
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2025
This video demonstrates the priming of primary monocytes into macrophages. Primary human monocytes can be isolated and differentiated to an M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype using the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or to an M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype using the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).
10:07
Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
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Cited by 326 •
2013
The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.
09:34
Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Priming Using IL-1β Promoter-driven DsRed Reporter Mice
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Cited by 1 •
2016
This current protocol employs fluorescent reporters, in vivo labeling, and intravital imaging techniques to enable monitoring of the dynamic process of neutrophil priming in living animals.
FAQs
Priming changes more than a macrophage’s immediate behavior. Exposure to interferon-gamma or microbial products can modify intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional programs, and cellular metabolism. These preparatory changes leave the cell poised to respond differently when another microbial or inflammatory signal arrives. The resulting response may be faster or stronger, linking an earlier encounter to later antimicrobial or inflammatory activity.
The key distinction is that priming prepares a macrophage without necessarily producing full activation at that stage. The cell undergoes functional and molecular changes, but a later microbial or inflammatory signal may still be required to elicit the strongest response. This distinction helps researchers separate an altered state of readiness from the inflammatory or antimicrobial response that follows.
A secondary stimulus tests whether the earlier exposure changed macrophage responsiveness. When a later microbial or inflammatory signal arrives, the primed cell may produce inflammatory mediators, initiate antimicrobial responses, or alter phagocytic behavior more rapidly or intensely than expected from its preparatory state alone. Thus, the second signal reveals the functional consequence of priming.
The initial signal can come from a cytokine such as interferon-gamma or from a microbial product, giving researchers distinct ways to examine preparatory responses. Each exposure can engage cellular signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic changes before the later challenge. Comparing these starting conditions helps clarify how macrophages acquire different levels or patterns of readiness for infection-related signals.
A basic design compares macrophages exposed to a priming signal with unprimed cells, followed by the same secondary microbial or inflammatory stimulus. Investigators can then examine inflammatory mediator production, antimicrobial responses, and changes in phagocytic behavior. This sequence distinguishes effects caused by the initial exposure from responses that emerge only after the later challenge.
The approach is useful when researchers need to explain why macrophages respond differently to later microbial encounters. By relating prior exposure to subsequent mediator production, antimicrobial activity, or phagocytic behavior, studies can connect cellular preparedness with pathogen clearance and susceptibility to immune dysregulation. It therefore supports analysis of how innate immune history shapes infection-related outcomes.
Macrophage priming provides a framework for linking earlier immune signals with later inflammation and host defense. A primed response may improve pathogen clearance, but altered or excessive activity can also contribute to tissue damage or immune dysregulation. Studying this balance helps researchers interpret variation in infection severity and understand how innate immune responses influence tissue outcomes.