Duplex Kidney
Duplex Kidney - Related Videos
11:42
Iterative Optimization of DNA Duplexes for Crystallization of SeqA-DNA Complexes
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2012
Crystal structure of protein–DNA complexes can provide insight into protein function, mechanism, as well as, the nature of the specific interaction. Here, we report how to optimize the length, sequence and ends of duplex DNA for co-crystallization with Escherichia coli SeqA, a negative regulator of replication initiation.
08:19
The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique
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Cited by 24 •
2016
The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.
04:10
Helicase Activity Measurement of a Target Protein Using Biotin-Labeled RNA Duplexes
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the procedure to determine the helicase activity of a target protein to unwind the biotin-labeled dsRNA substrate. The activity of the enzyme was identified by analyzing the electrophoretic mobility shift, followed by a chemiluminescence assay using chemiluminescent enzyme-conjugated streptavidin.
08:45
Duplex Digital PCR for Simultaneous Quantification of Dual Genetic Markers
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the duplex digital PCR (ddPCR) technique — a modification of the traditional PCR technique that is useful in detecting two different genetic markers simultaneously. A single PCR reaction is partitioned into nanoliter-sized emulsified droplets that are independently amplified, and the detection of differently colored fluorescence amplification signals from the fraction of droplets is used to compute the initial concentration of the target sequences.
01:45
Kidney Structure
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2019
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries. The renal cortex is the thick outer layer of the kidney. It...
FAQs
During embryogenesis, the ureteric bud may duplicate or divide. This can produce two ureters entering the bladder separately or a partially fused, bifid ureter. The resulting anatomy matters because urinary drainage may be abnormal even when the duplicated kidney causes no symptoms, so clinicians interpret the anatomical pattern together with symptoms and imaging findings.
When drainage is disrupted, urine may flow backward toward the kidney or become obstructed. This creates clinical associations with vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent urinary tract infections, and ureterocele. These complications explain why an anatomical finding that is often asymptomatic can become important when a patient develops repeated urinary symptoms or abnormal renal imaging.
Symptoms depend largely on whether the duplicated collecting systems drain normally. A duplex kidney may cause no clinical concern when drainage remains effective, whereas abnormal drainage can be associated with reflux, infection, ureterocele, or obstruction. Consequently, the same congenital anatomical variation may require observation in one patient and further evaluation in another.
Ultrasound, computed tomography, and urographic studies can help clinicians assess the duplicated collecting-system anatomy and identify findings relevant to drainage. These studies are particularly important when recurrent urinary symptoms or abnormal renal imaging prompt evaluation. Their interpretation helps connect the observed anatomy with possible reflux, ureterocele, obstruction, or a clinically silent finding.
Evaluation becomes especially relevant when a patient has recurrent urinary symptoms or when renal imaging shows an unusual finding. Clinicians use the available imaging information to clarify the collecting-system anatomy and determine whether abnormal drainage may be present. The result supports decisions ranging from observation to treatment when associated urinary complications are identified.
Management is guided by the anatomical findings and associated urinary problems rather than by duplication alone. Some patients can be observed, while others may receive antibiotic treatment when clinically indicated. Endoscopic procedures or surgery may be considered when the evaluation identifies problems such as ureterocele or obstruction that require intervention.