Subcellular Organelles

Subcellular organelles are specialized structures within cells that compartmentalize essential biochemical processes, making cellular function more efficient and coordinated. In neurons, the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and synaptic vesicles regulate gene expression, ATP production, protein synthesis, trafficking, degradation, and neurotransmitter release. These organelles work through selective membrane transport, enzyme-driven reactions, and directed movement of cargo along the cytoskeleton, allowing long neuronal processes to maintain themselves and communicate at synapses. Understanding organelle organization and dysfunction helps explain neural development, signaling, neurodegeneration, and responses to injury, while supporting research into biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies.

Subcellular Organelles - Related Videos

Research

JoVE Journal - Developmental Biology

Imaging Subcellular Structures in the Living Zebrafish Embryo

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Cited by 8 •

2016

Imaging the dynamic behavior of organelles and other subcellular structures in vivo can shed light on their function in physiological and disease conditions. Here, we present methods for genetically tagging two organelles, centrosomes and mitochondria, and imaging their dynamics in living zebrafish embryos using wide-field and confocal microscopy.

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

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Cited by 8 •

2019

Herein we describe two approaches to characterize cell polarization events in B lymphocytes during the formation of an IS. The first, involves quantification of organelle recruitment and cytoskeleton rearrangements at the synaptic membrane. The second is a biochemical approach, to characterize changes in composition of the centrosome, which undergoes polarization to the immune synapse.

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

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Cited by 4 •

2012

A fundamental quest in cell biology is to define the mechanisms that underlie the identity of the organelles that make eukaryotic cells. Here we propose a method to identify the genes responsible for the morphological and functional integrity of plant organelles using fluorescence microscopy and next-generation sequencing tools.

Education

JoVE Core - Cell Biology

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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2023

In eukaryotic cells, cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...

Tracking Axonal Transport of Organelles in Motor Neurons Using a Microfluidic Device

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2025

This video demonstrates a method for tracking axonal transport in motor neurons using a microfluidic chamber system. It involves culturing mouse embryonic spinal cord tissues in polymer-coated wells with nutrient medium to induce axonal growth. The movement of fluorescent dye-stained organelles in live imaging, confirms the bidirectional axonal transport.

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