Why is direct skin contact important during a physical examination?

Direct skin contact ensures accurate clinical findings. Skin lesions are missed when inspection occurs through clothing, and sounds become misleading when lungs are percussed through fabric. Subtle cardiac findings go undetected during auscultation over apparel. Best practice standards require hands or equipment in direct contact with patient skin to optimize the predictive value of the examination.

What parts of the physical exam can be performed while a patient wears street clothing?

Vital signs, HEENT maneuvers, neck and supraclavicular inspection, and neurologic examination can be performed with street clothing. For abdominal exam, ask the patient to expose the abdomen. During vascular exam, raise sleeves and pant legs to access pulse sites, and remove footwear before testing pedal pulses. The femoral pulse is typically inaccessible in clothed patients.

How should you position the hospital gown for examining the anterior chest and heart?

Untie the gown at the back of the neck and instruct the patient to lower it slightly at the shoulders for lower neck and clavicle examination. Lower the gown further to expose the anterior chest and lung zones. For auscultation at Erb's point and tricuspid area, lower it further at the sternum. After completing this portion, replace the gown over the shoulders to maintain patient modesty.

What is double draping and when is it used?

Double draping means simultaneous use of a gown and drape during abdominal, thigh, and inguinal examination. Ask the patient to lie at a 0-30 degree angle, place the drape over legs and pelvis, and have the patient lift the gown just below chest level while securing the drape. This technique allows adequate abdominal exposure while preserving patient modesty and comfort during the examination.

How do you examine the mitral area while maintaining patient comfort?

Position the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and place the stethoscope at the fifth left intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line. If the left breast impedes access, ask the patient to displace it with their right hand or use the back of your left hand. This position brings the left ventricle closer to the chest wall, accentuating cardiac findings during respiratory exam percussion and auscultation.

What technique should you use when examining the musculoskeletal system?

Ensure the region of interest is fully exposed to permit inspection, palpation, and provocative maneuvers simultaneously. Exposure should also allow examination of surrounding muscle groups and joints. For lower extremities, place the draping sheet between the patient's legs so each leg and hip can be easily uncovered and directly examined, limiting exposure of areas not being actively assessed.

How should you balance patient modesty with adequate exposure during examination?

Deliberate thought and practice are required to balance draping for modesty with exposure necessary for thorough examination. Provide clear instructions before the patient changes into a gown, step out of the room, and knock before re-entering. Use sequential displacement of gown and drape to expose only the area being examined. At the end, thank the patient and allow them to change before discussing diagnosis and treatment.

Proper Adjustment of Patient Attire during the Physical Exam

0 views08:10 min

1. Maneuvers that can be performed while the patient is wearing street clothing

Note that some aspects of the physical exam can be performed on patients while they are wearing street clothing that permits exposure of the region to be inspected. These maneuvers include the measurement of the vital signs, general appearance, the HEENT (Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat) exam, the neck exam, the abdominal exam, the vascular exam, and the neurological exam.

To take a measurement of the vital signs, make sure to have access to the patient's arms.
In order to perform the basic HEENT maneuvers, instruct the patient to remove any hats, dentures (if a thorough exam of a patient's oral mucosa is necessary), eyeglasses (while examining the eyes), and hearing aids (if a thorough ear exam is necessary). The HEENT exam can be performed regardless of what a patient is wearing from the neck down. Keep in mind that functional assessment of speech, visual acuity, and hearing is done best with dentures, glasses, and hearing aids in place.
Make sure the clothing permits the ability to inspect and palpate the neck and supraclavicular regions (an adequate neck examination can be performed in a patient who's wearing a loose-fitting shirt or a tank top).
The clinician can examine the abdomen in a patient wearing loose-fitting clothing. Instruct the patient to have their pants rolled down to expose the lower abdomen and their shirt raised up to provide optimal exposure.
For the vascular exam, make sure to have access to the site where each pulse is located. For all upper and lower extremity pulses other than femoral, loose-fitting sleeves or pant legs can be raised up when needed. Socks must be removed for pedal pulses.
All aspects of the neurologic examination can be performed on a patient who's wearing clothing that permits inspection and palpation of the extremities. Be sure to remove a patient's shoes and socks.
Most musculoskeletal regions can be examined in patients wearing t-shirts and shorts. The shoulder examination is best done in a patient who is shirtless (or in a bra only) or wearing a tank top, as visual inspection and provocative range of motion testing cannot be easily done simultaneously in a patient wearing a gown.

2. Offering the gown and drape

Certain patients may find it acceptable to be examined while shirtless, which provides optimal access to the structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen. In the interest of avoiding unnecessary exposure of women's breasts, clinicians often conduct the examination with the patient wearing a bra or by using draping techniques with a gown. This video demonstrates the draping technique for a patient who has been instructed to remove their bra.
Provide instructions on what to do with the gown and drape (e.g., "In order to examine you today, I'm going to ask you to change into this gown. Keep it open in the back. You can leave your underwear on, but please remove your other clothing including your bra. You can cover yourself with this drape to keep warm.").
Step out of the room while the patient changes, unless the patient needs help getting changed due to mobility limitations, and let the patient know how long you'll be gone. Experienced providers may tend to another task while the patient is changing, which patients typically don't mind, as long as they know when to expect your return.

3. The sensitive use of gown and drape in various physical exam maneuvers

With the patient seated on the exam table, start the exam with the gown fastened, typically in the back, and offer a drape to cover the patient's lap and legs for warmth and use in subsequent maneuvers.
Examination of the neck, anterior chest, and heart in a patient wearing a hospital gown - draping techniques are similar for all of these maneuvers in the seated, supine, and standing positions.
Untie the gown at the back of the neck.
Instruct the patient to lower the gown slightly at the shoulders to allow optimal examination of the lower neck and clavicles.
Cardiac and Respiratory Exam
1. Ask the patient to lower the gown a few inches further, while keeping their breasts covered. This allows for adequate exposure for inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation on the anterior chest and anterior lung zones, as well as inspection, palpation, and auscultation of the pulmonic and aortic regions of the heart.
2. Slightly lower the gown at the sternum to allow for auscultation at Erb's point and the tricuspid area. Examination of the tricuspid area can also be done via an alternative approach, as described below.
3. Replace the gown over the shoulders when this portion of the exam is finished.
4. After informing the patient that the "bottom part of their heart" is to be examined next, raise their gown, or instruct the patient to raise it, to expose the left flank and left upper quadrant of the abdomen to gain access to the fifth left intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line (mitral area). If the patient's left breast is impeding access to this area, use the back of your left hand to displace the breast or ask the patient to lift the bottom of their left breast out of the way.
5. For an alternative approach to examining the tricuspid area, with the left upper quadrant, slightly lift the gown at the inferior border of the sternum.
6. With the flank and left upper quadrant exposed, and the patient holding their left breast and gown out of the way with their right hand, examine the mitral area with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position.
7. To examine the posterior and lateral thorax in a seated position, move the folds of the gown laterally to allow for adequate exposure for the inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation of the posterior chest, back, and posterior lung zones.
8. Displace the gown further, laterally and one side at a time, as needed to allow for the examination of the lateral chest walls.
9. Examination of the back can be performed in a patient who is shirtless (or only in a bra) or wearing a gown that's open in the back. If the patient is wearing a gown, perform the seated inspection as described previously.
Gait and Standing Range of Motion Testing
1. During gait or standing range of motion (e.g., forward flexion) testing, hold the back of the gown together, so the patient can concentrate on the movement (rather than on worrying about the gown falling off).
2. Replace the gown to cover the back and retie the neck straps when this portion of the exam is finished.
Abdominal examination
1. Place the drape over the patient's legs and pelvis.
2. With the patient in the supine position, lift (or have the patient lift) the gown just below the level of the breasts, simultaneously securing the drape, so it keeps the patient's pelvis covered. This technique is called "double draping," or simultaneous use of the gown and drape to leave the chest, legs, pubic, and inguinal regions covered, while examining the abdomen or lower chest.
3. All standard aspects of the abdominal exam can be performed with this exposure, except for the percussion of the liver from the superior approach, which requires additional displacement of the gown on the right side of the lower chest. The patient may need to lift their right breast superiorly to allow access for percussion.
Femoral Artery and Inguinal Nodes
1. Palpation and auscultation of the femoral artery generally requires the patient to be in a gown. While it is possible to palpate the pulse over a thin layer of clothing, this is not optimal, and auscultation cannot be done this way.
2. To perform both palpation and auscultation, move the drape medially or lower the drape or pants sufficiently to allow the examiner access from a superior approach, examining one side at a time and replacing the drape before moving to the other side.
3. Note that examination of the inguinal lymph nodes can be done in the same way.
4. Replace the gown when these maneuvers are finished being performed.
Musculoskeletal System of the Lower Extremities
1. If a patient is wearing a gown and the lower extremities need to be examined while the patient is supine, place the draping sheet between the patient's legs, so each leg and hip can be easily uncovered and directly examined, which limits the exposure of areas not being actively examined.
Skin
1. A complete skin examination requires sequential displacement of the gown to expose all areas of interest, while keeping other regions covered with the gown and drape. The skin of the breasts, pelvis, and gluteal regions are typically examined in this process, as well. Refer to the videos on the genitourinary exam and female breast exam for descriptions of draping techniques for these components of the exam.