Name: In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport through the Intact Mouse Skull using Fluorescence Macroscopy (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2019-07-29T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 22 s
Description: Learn transcranial optical imaging for studying cerebrospinal fluid transport in live mice through intact skulls. This method enables real-time glymphatic measurements at reduced cost.

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5 minutes

This work was funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the National Institute on Aging (US National Institutes of Health; R01NS100366 and RF1AG057575 to MN), the Fondation Leducq Transatlantic Networks of Excellence Program, and the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 666881; SVDs@target). We would also like to thank Dan Xue for expert assistance with graphic illustrations.

All experiments were approved by the University Committee on Animal Resources (UCAR, Protocol No. 2011-023) at the University of Rochester and performed according to the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Preparing the cisterna magna cannula, head plate, and head holder
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize all surgical instruments and head plates before surgery. 
	NOTE: Fluorescent tracers are delivered directly into CSF via a cisterna magna cannulation. For detailed instructions on this procedure, please refer to Xavier et al9.</li>
	<li>Briefly, using a needle driver, break the tip of a 30G x 12.7 mm (&#189; inch) needle, &#190; of the way down, and place the blunt end of the needle into one end of polyethylene 10 (PE10) tubing (about 45 cm long). Make sure that only the bevel is protruding out of the border of the PE10 tubing.</li>
	<li>Break off &#188; of the beveled end of another 30G needle and place the blunt end of the remaining needle into the other end of the PE10 tubing, with the plastic Luer-lock still attached.</li>
	<li>Fill a 100 &#181;L glass syringe with sterile, artificial CSF (aCSF: 126 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 2 mM MgSO4, 2 mM CaCl2, 10 mM glucose, and 26 mM NaHCO3).</li>
	<li>Attach the syringe to the end of the line and fill it with aCSF until it reaches the tip of the beveled needle. It is important that the syringe is backfilled with aCSF and not air, as an air column is more prone to variable infusion volumes.</li>
	<li>For chronic experiments, leave the line filled with aCSF and skip Step 1.7.</li>
	<li>For acute experiments, place the syringe on an infusion pump and withdraw approximately 5 mm of air, which will prevent mixing. Afterwards, withdraw the total volume of tracer(s) that is desired for the experiment (20% extra is recommended due to dead space losses). 
	NOTE: The PE10 tubing should be long enough so that the air bubble does not enter the plastic cuff of the glass syringe when loading the tracer. For a typical experiment, the protocol uses 10 &#181;L of bovine serum albumin conjugated to Alexa Fluor 647 (BSA-647) diluted in aCSF at 0.5%.</li>
	<li>Confirm that the head plate fits into the head holder and that it is the right size for the mouse being used. Anatomical markers to ensure this are: the top border of the window aligns with the interocular line and the posterior border falls rostral to the occipital crest. 
	NOTE: Stainless-steel head plates can be sterilized and reused. Most cyanoacrylate mixtures can be removed with an acetone solution.</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical procedure
<ol>
	<li>Weigh and anesthetize the mouse (e.g. ketamine/xylazine; 100 mg/kg ketamine, 10 mg/kg xylazine; i.p.).</li>
	<li>Once the mouse no longer responds to a toe pinch, moisten the neck and head with sterile water and shave using clippers. Once the area is shaved, wipe the area with an alcohol swab again to remove any residual hair. 
	NOTE: Moistening the fur before clipping dramatically reduces the amount of hair in the imaging window after the incision.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse in a stereotactic frame on top of a temperature-controlled pad and apply petroleum ophthalmic ointment to the mouse&#8217;s eyes to ensure they do not dry out.</li>
	<li>Clean the exposed skin with a chlorhexidine swab. After 2 min, remove the chlorhexidine with an alcohol wipe. Finally, apply an iodine solution which can be left to dry.</li>
	<li>Inject subcutaneous analgesia (0.25% Bupivacaine HCl) to the top of the skull and the neck.</li>
	<li>Starting on the part of the neck that covers the occipital crest, make a midline cut in the overlying skin and continue rostrally towards the interorbital line. Incise laterally to the border where the temporal muscle inserts into the skull. Remove all of the skin of the fusiform incision to expose both the frontal and parietal bones. 
	CAUTION: The retroorbital sinus lies caudal to the eyes and large branches of the posterior facial vein lie rostral to the pinna. Be careful when making the incision to spare these structures. If this occurs, stop bleeding by maintaining hemostasis with a sterile cotton swab for several minutes and continue.</li>
	<li>Irrigate the skull with sterile saline and clean the surface using cotton swabs so that it is free of debris and hair since these will interfere with the image quality. Skull transparency is best preserved by leaving the periosteum and overlying fascia intact. 
	NOTE: If these structures are accidentally removed, the skull can become dry and opaque over time. Re-moisten with aCSF or use a mixture of paraffin oil and glycerol to reduce skull reflectance in acute experiments21.</li>
	<li>Proceed to inserting the cisterna magna cannula - for surgical details of this procedure, refer to Xavier et al9.</li>
	<li>After inserting the CM cannula, apply a mixture of dental cement with cyanoacrylate glue to the ventral side of the head plate around the border and place it on the skull so that the anterior border of the head plate aligns with the posterior tip of the nasal bone and the posterior border aligns with the anterior aspect of the interparietal bone, making sure that the sagittal suture (midline) is centered and straight relative to the window (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Fix the position of the head plate using a couple drops of glue accelerator. Fill any remaining gaps with the cement mixture and cure it with accelerator. 
	CAUTION: Make sure the cyanoacrylate does not come in contact with the mouse&#8217;s eyes or block the imaging window.</li>
	<li>Glue the CM cannula to the head plate to ensure that these do not become detached during transport or when the mouse wakes up.</li>
	<li>For acute experiments, skip to Step 2.16.</li>
	<li>For chronic experiments, apply a thin layer of clear-drying cyanoacrylate glue to the exposed skull, being careful not to create bubbles as these will interfere with the imaging. The glue provides protection for the skull and will not interfere with the imaging. Make sure that the glue covers the exposed skull all the way to the skin at the incision border.</li>
	<li>Use a hemostat clamp to hold the aCSF-filled PE10 tubing 2-3 cm from the CM and cut the line with a high-temperature cautery tip. Once it is separated, flatten the melted PE10 tubing to seal the cannula. 
	CAUTION: Make sure not to release the clamp until after the cannula has been sealed and confirm there are no leaks in the tubing to prevent a CSF fistula.</li>
	<li>Administer carprofen (5 mg/kg every 24 h for 3 days; i.p. or s.c.) and return the mouse to a temperature-controlled, single-housed cage and allow it to recover for at least 24 h prior to imaging. Do not leave the mouse unattended until it regains sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency. Intact cranial windows remain stable for several weeks. 
	NOTE: The chronic experiment can be paused here. 
	CAUTION: Some postoperative complications are: cephalohematoma/subgaleal hematomas, CSF fistula, and infection.</li>
	<li>For acute experiments, place the mouse into the head holder using the head plate so the skull is in a fixed position. Make sure to check anesthesia level and place a heating pad under the mouse. The mouse is now ready to be taken to the macroscope. 
	CAUTION: Carefully transport the mouse together with the infusion pump on a cart. If the CM cannulation becomes dislodged, it will cause a drop in intracranial pressure and any CSF leaks will alter the experimental results.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparing the mouse for imaging
NOTE: The protocol varies depending on whether the imaging experiment will be performed on an anesthetized (start at Step 3.1) or awake (start at Step 3.2) mouse.
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetized Mice
	<ol>
		<li>Place the head holder on the stage of the macroscope, making sure there are no kinks in the line from the syringe pump to the CM cannula and that it is not taut since this could affect the tracer infusion.</li>
		<li>Observe respiratory rate and pink coloration of the mucous membranes, indicating good oxygenation. Inject saline subcutaneously to secure hydration level if necessary. Check to make sure the animal is sufficiently anesthetized and re-dose if needed.</li>
		<li>Turn on the macroscope camera and LED and start LIVE mode.</li>
		<li>Confirm the magnification of the imaging field so that the nasofrontal suture at the top of the field and the lambdoid suture at the bottom can clearly be visualized, with the sagittal suture parallel and centered to the middle of the image (Figure 1C). Once in place, secure the head holder to the macroscope stage with tape.</li>
		<li>Focus the macroscope on the exposed skull. Despite macroscopes having a relatively large depth of field, the curvature of the mouse&#8217;s skull only allows for a specific area to be in focus. Best results are obtained when the focal plane is located on the lateral sides of the parietal bones posterior to the coronal sutures. 
		NOTE: This is the location of the middle cerebral arteries (MCA), where most CSF inflow occurs (Figure 1D,E)10.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Awake Mice
	<ol>
		<li>Prior to the imaging session, let the animals recover for at least 24 h from the head plate surgery. Longer recovery periods (5-7 days) are also recommended. During this time, train the mouse to be head fixed on the stage in the restraint tube for 0.5-1 h per day for the duration of the recovery period. 
		NOTE: Habituation allows the mouse to be attached to the head holder without anesthesia and reduces stress and anxiety during the actual experiment. If this is not feasible and anesthesia does not interfere with the experiment, an induction dose of an inhaled anesthetic (e.g., isoflurane 2% at 1-2 L/min O2 flow rate) can be used to quickly attach the mouse to the head stage.</li>
		<li>Once the mouse is fixed to the head holder and in the restraint tube, follow Steps 3.1.1-3.1.5.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Infusion of fluorescent CSF tracers
<ol>
	<li>Acute CM Cannulation
	<ol>
		<li>Since the tracer was already loaded into the cannula before being placed in the cisterna magna in Step 1.6, set the infusion pump to the desired rate and volume. Infusion paradigms routinely used are 5-10 &#181;L at 1-2 &#181;L/min, but these parameters can be adjusted depending on the particular experiment, or the size and age of the animal.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chronic CM Cannulation
	<ol>
		<li>Prior to beginning the imaging session, follow Steps 1.2-1.7 for acute experiments to prepare the infusion line to deliver the tracers.</li>
		<li>Once the line is prepared, using a hemostat clamp cut the sealed end of the chronic CM cannula. Take the needle from the line prepared in Step 4.2.1 and gently insert it into the cannula. Release the clamp and using the syringe pump, advance the CSF tracer at the desired infusion rate (e.g., 2 &#181;L/min) for the experiment until the tracer reaches the implanted needle in the CM. 
		CAUTION: If the needle pierces through the tubing when connecting the line, remove the needle, cut the pierced segment and repeat this step. Any tear in the PE10 tubing will cause a leak and affect the results of the experiment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Setting up the Imaging Session
<ol>
	<li>Based on the fluorescent tracer being infused, determine the excitation wavelength and the exposure time for each channel. Choose the shortest exposure time necessary to visualize the tracer in order to maximize the temporal resolution of the time-lapse imaging. This exposure time will be used for all subsequent experiments aiming to compare CSF transport between different animals. 
	NOTE: One tip is to use the tracer in the CM line to adjust the exposure time. Although this is a useful first approach, this should be optimized over time.</li>
	<li>Choose the duration of the experiment and the intervals at which the images will be acquired. Experiments normally last between 30-60 min depending on what phase of glymphatic transport is of interest. Frame rates of 1 frame/min and faster are sufficient for most experiments.</li>
	<li>Set the file name and the saving directory.</li>
	<li>If the imaging will be collected in addition to simultaneous acquisition of other variables (e.g., electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure, electrophysiology), the macroscope and pump can be programmed to be triggered with the data acquisition software. Check that the triggering function on the macroscope is correct before moving to the next step.</li>
</ol>
6. Transcranial optical imaging experiment
<ol>
	<li>Start the tracer infusion and the imaging at the same time.</li>
	<li>Routinely check the CM cannula and the PE10 tubing for any signs of a leak. If there is any tracer leaking at the CM, the results from this experiment must be excluded. 
	NOTE: If tracer starts to accumulate in the cerebellum and does not travel the glymphatic pathway of the MCA, it is likely that the CM cannula was injected into the cerebellum. This data should not be included.</li>
	<li>For acute experiments, after completion of the experiment, remove the mouse from the microscope and check that it is still adequately anesthetized. Quickly decapitate the mouse and harvest the brain tissue. Immersion-fix the brain in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) overnight at 4 &#176;C.
	<ol>
		<li>For chronic experiments, once the imaging is completed, remove the CM line from the cannula, flush with sterile aCSF and reseal the CM cannula with a high-temperature cautery tip. Remove the mouse from the head stand and return it to its cage. Repeat this process until further imaging is not required and then follow Step 6.3.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
7. Data analysis
NOTE: Matlab-based analyses, such as CSF front-tracking can extract large amounts of quantitative data from the tracer fronts in these imaging datasets10,22. However, these file types can also be easily imported and analyzed in open-source image analysis software like Fiji23.
<ol>
	<li>Import the image stacks into Fiji using the Bio-Formats import tool. This function will preserve the file metadata which includes the time and pixel resolution. Save the image stack as a .tiff file.</li>
	<li>Manually draw a region of interest (ROI) around the skull or the area of interest using the polygon selection tool. For example, in Figure 1G an ROI was drawn separately for the ipsilateral and for the contralateral hemisphere after a traumatic brain injury. Make sure to add the ROI into the ROI Manager (Analyze&#62;Tools&#62;ROI Manager) and save it. 
	NOTE: CSF transport can be quantified in two main ways: 1) mean fluorescence intensity over time or 2) influx area expressed as a percentage of the ROI or total area (mm2) after having applied a threshold. The latter method (Figure 1H) will be described in the next steps.</li>
	<li>Set the threshold on the frame with maximal fluorescence (Select Image&#62;Adjust&#62;Threshold&#8230;). Automated threshold methods such as Otsu are normally good at detecting CSF tracer. Apply the threshold.</li>
	<li>Before going forward, make sure that in Analyze&#62;Set Measurements, the options Area and Area Fraction are selected. Then in the ROI Manager, select More&#62;Multi Measure.</li>
	<li>Convert the %Area value into mm2 using the Area value of the ROI from the output. The %Area values reflect the percent of the dorsal cortical surface with CSF tracer.</li>
	<li>Plot CSF tracer influx in mm2 as a function of time.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Ma, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rapid+lymphatic+efflux+limits+cerebrospinal+fluid+flow+to+the+brain%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Acta+Neuropathologica%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rapid lymphatic efflux limits cerebrospinal fluid flow to the brain.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 137 (1), 151-165 (2019).</li>
<li>Silasi, G., Xiao, D., Vanni, M. P., Chen, A. C., Murphy, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Intact+skull+chronic+windows+for+mesoscopic+wide-field+imaging+in+awake+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Neuroscience+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Intact skull chronic windows for mesoscopic wide-field imaging in awake mice.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 267, 141-149 (2016).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

We have described a detailed protocol for performing transcranial CSF imaging in live mice using commercially-available fluorescent macroscopes and tracers. This technique is simple and minimally-invasive, yet quantitative. In vivo imaging correlates well with sensitive methods such as liquid scintillation counting of radio-labeled tracers including 3H-dextran and 14C-inulin after CM delivery, and with ex vivo coronal section quantification10,18</...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathes the brain and spinal cord and is involved in maintaining homeostasis, supplying nutrients, and regulating intracranial pressure1. CSF in the subarachnoid space enters the brain through a network of perivascular spaces (PVS) surrounding cortical pial arteries and then flows down along penetrating arterioles2. Once in the parenchyma, CSF exchanges with interstitial fluid (ISF), carrying harmful metabolites such as amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) and tau protein aggregates out of the brain through low resistance white matter tracts and perivenous spaces2,3. This pathway is dependent on astroglial aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels and has therefore been termed the glial-lymphatic (glymphatic) system4. Waste products of the neuropil are ultimately cleared from the CSF-ISF through lymphatic vessels near cranial nerves and in the meninges out towards the cervical lymph nodes5. The failure of this system has been implicated in several neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s disease6,7, traumatic brain injury3, and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke8.&#160;
CSF transport can be visualized by infusing tracers into the cisterna magna (CM)9,10 and glymphatic studies in the past have mainly utilized two-photon microscopy4,11,12,13, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)14,15,16,17, and ex vivo imaging3,6,11,18 to evaluate tracer kinetics. Two-photon microscopy is a suitable method for detailed imaging of CSF tracers in PVSs and the parenchyma due to its high spatial resolution, however, it has a narrow field of view and requires an invasive cranial window or thinning of the skull. Ex vivo imaging, in combination with immunohistochemistry, enables multilevel analyses ranging from single cells up to the whole brain19. However, the process of perfusion-fixation that is required to observe the post-mortem tissue produces profound changes in CSF flow direction and collapses the PVS, significantly altering the distribution and the location of the tracers12. Finally, while MRI can track CSF flow throughout the entire murine and human brain, it lacks spatial and temporal resolution of perivascular flow.
A new technique, transcranial macroscopic imaging, solves some of these limitations by enabling wide-field imaging of perivascular CSF transport in the entire dorsal cortex of living mice. This type of imaging is done with an epifluorescent macroscope using a multiband filter cube, tunable LED light source, and high-efficiency CMOS camera10. These set-ups are able to resolve PVSs up to 1-2 mm below the skull surface and can detect fluorophores up to 5-6 mm below the cortical surface while leaving the skull entirely intact10. Multiband filters and LEDs that can quickly tune the excitation wavelength enable the use of multiple fluorophores allowing CSF to be labeled with tracers of different molecular weights and chemical properties in the same experiment.
This procedure requires a simple, minimally invasive surgery to expose the skull and place a light-weight head plate to stabilize the head during the imaging session. Tracers can be delivered into the CM without drilling into the skull or penetrating the cortical tissue with pipettes or cannulas9,20. Both CM cannulas and head plates remain stable for several days to weeks and facilitate more complex experimental designs compared to the classical end-point visualization. This protocol describes how transcranial macroscopic imaging is used to study glymphatic system function following acute or chronic injection of fluorescent CSF tracer into the CM of anesthetized/sleeping or awake mice.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.25% Bupivacaine HCl</td><td></td><td></td><td>University of Rochester Vivarium</td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;micro;L Gastight Syringe Model 1710 TLL, PTFE Luer Lock</td><td>Hamilton Company</td><td>81020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A-M Systems Dental Cement Powder</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9991371</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen</td><td></td><td></td><td>University of Rochester Vivarium</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorhexidine</td><td>Prevantics</td><td>B10800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CMOS Camera</td><td>Hammamatsu</td><td>ORCA Flash 4.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Head Plate</td><td>University of Rochester</td><td>No catalog #</td><td>Custom made at the machine shop at the University of Rochester</td></tr><tr><td>High-Temperature Cautery</td><td>Bovie Medical Corporation</td><td>AA01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insta-set Accelerator</td><td>Bob Smith Industries</td><td>BSI-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane - Fluriso</td><td>Vet One</td><td>502017</td><td>University of Rochester Vivarium</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td></td><td></td><td>Strong Memorial Hospital Pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Krazy Glue</td><td>Elmer&#039;s Products, Inc</td><td>No catalog #, see link in comments</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Krazy-Glue-KG48348MR-Advance-Multicolor/dp/B000BKO6DG</td></tr><tr><td>Micropore Surgical tape</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>19-027-761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-aldrich</td><td>P6148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PE10 - Polyethylene .011&quot; x .024&quot; per ft., 100 ft. continuous</td><td>Braintree Scientific</td><td>PE10 100 FT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pump 11 Elite Infusion Only Dual Syringe</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>70-4501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PURALUBE VET OINTMENT</td><td>Dechra</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puritan PurSwab Cotton Tipped Cleaning Sticks</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-029-553</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Research Macro Zoom Microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>MVX10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Simple Head Holder Plate (for mice)</td><td>Narishige International USA Inc</td><td>MAG-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single-use Needles, BD Medical</td><td>VWR</td><td>BD305106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Alcohol Prep Pads</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-363-750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tunable LED</td><td>PRIOR Lumen 1600-LED</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td></td><td></td><td>University of Rochester Vivarium</td></tr></tbody></table>

in vivo imaging of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the intact mouse skull using fluorescence macroscopy

In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport through the Intact Mouse Skull using Fluorescence Macroscopy

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in rodents has largely been studied using ex vivo quantification of tracers. Techniques such as two-photon microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled in vivo quantification of CSF flow but they are limited by reduced imaging volumes and low spatial resolution, respectively. Recent work has found that CSF enters the brain parenchyma through a network of perivascular spaces surrounding the pial and penetrating arteries of the rodent cortex. This perivascular entry of CSF is a primary driver of the glymphatic system, a pathway implicated in the clearance of toxic metabolic solutes (e.g., amyloid-&#946;). Here, we illustrate a new macroscopic imaging technique that allows real-time, mesoscopic imaging of fluorescent CSF tracers through the intact skull of live mice. This minimally-invasive method facilitates a multitude of experimental designs and enables single or repeated testing of CSF dynamics. Macroscopes have high spatial and temporal resolution and their large gantry and working distance allow for imaging while performing tasks on behavioral devices. This imaging approach has been validated using two-photon imaging and fluorescence measurements obtained from this technique strongly correlate with ex vivo fluorescence and quantification of radio-labeled tracers. In this protocol, we describe how transcranial macroscopic imaging can be used to evaluate glymphatic transport in live mice, offering an accessible alternative to more costly imaging modalities.

CSF influx is imaged on an epifluorescent macroscope (Figure 1A), which allows for mesoscopic imaging of CSF tracer transport in the murine cortex. The whole-skull head plate permits the visualization of the rostral nasal bones, both frontal and parietal bones in the center, and the rostral portion of the interparietal bone caudally (Figure 1B). During imaging, the nasofrontal, sagittal, coronal, and lambdoid sutures can be readily identified (<strong class="xfi...

Transcranial optical imaging allows wide-field imaging of cerebrospinal fluid transport in the cortex of live mice through an intact skull.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in rodents has largely been studied using ex vivo quantification of tracers. Techniques such as two-photon microscopy and ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Intravital microscopy to follow temporal and spatial hemodynamic and inflammatory events in the pial microcirculation.

Intravital Microscopy of the Mouse Brain Microcirculation using a Closed Cranial Window

A minimally invasive protocol to stabilize the mouse spinal column and perform repetitive in vivo spinal cord imaging using two-photon microscopy is described. This method combines a spinal stabilization device and an anesthetic regimen to minimize respiratory-induced movements and produce raw imaging data that require no alignment or other post-processing.

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

Source:  Bisht, K., et al. Precise brain mapping to perform repetitive in vivo imaging of neuro-immune dynamics in mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)This video demonstrates fluorescence imaging of neuro-immune dynamics in a transgenic mouse with a skull implant. Vascular and neuronal stability is imaged alongside dynamic microglial changes, reflecting immune responses to neuronal activity.

Fluorescence Imaging of Neuro-Immune Dynamics Using a Skull Implant

Source: Sweeney, A. M., et al. In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport through the Intact Mouse Skull using Fluorescence Macroscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the process of visualizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in a mouse brain using fluorescence imaging. A fluorescent tracer is injected into the cisterna magna (CM), allowing its movement with CSF to be tracked through the subarachnoid and perivascular spaces. Time-lapse imaging captures the tracer's journey,...

In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport in a Mouse Brain Using Fluorescence Macroscopy

Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism.

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVFM) of the calvarium is applied in combination with genetic animal models to study the homing and engraftment of hematopoietic cells into bone marrow (BM) niches.

Combining Intravital Fluorescent Microscopy (IVFM) with Genetic Models to Study Engraftment Dynamics of Hematopoietic Cells to Bone Marrow Niches

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This protocol describes a chronic cranial window implantation technique that can be used for longitudinal imaging of neuro-glio-vascular structures, interactions, and function in both healthy and diseased conditions. It serves as a complementary alternative to the transcranial imaging approach that, while often preferred, possesses some critical limitations.

Precise Brain Mapping to Perform Repetitive In Vivo Imaging of Neuro-Immune Dynamics in Mice

This study demonstrates delivery of a repetitive traumatic brain injury to mice and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent intravital imaging of a neuron-expressed EGFP using two-photon microscopy.

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

Intravital microscopy allows the study of dynamic biological processes such as tissue regeneration and tumor development. The calvarial bone marrow, a highly dynamic tissue, offers insights into hematopoiesis and vascular function. Using a biocompatible 3D-printed head fixation implant allows for repetitive longitudinal imaging, enhancing our understanding of tissue dynamics and the tumor microenvironment.

Intravital Longitudinal Imaging of Vascular Dynamics in the Calvarial Bone Marrow

This protocol contains a thorough description of a step-by-step approach for a chronic cranial window and microvascular embolism mouse model optimized for in vivo two-photon microscopy imaging using fluorescent polystyrene microspheres.

Microvascular Embolism Mouse Model for In Vivo Two-photon Microscopy Using Fluorescent Polystyrene Microspheres

Learn transcranial optical imaging for studying cerebrospinal fluid transport in live mice through intact skulls. This method enables real-time glymphatic measurements at reduced cost.

In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport through the Intact Mouse Skull using Fluorescence Macroscopy

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