Name: Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2025-08-15T12:50:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 4 s
Description: Learn a transoral endoscopic approach for resecting benign infratemporal fossa tumors using plasma ablation and real-time navigation. This minimally invasive technique preserves nerves and achieves scarless outcomes.

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5 minutes

This work was supported by the Sichuan Provincial Health Commission, Key Clinical Research Project (Grant number 24LCYJZD10).

The procedure described here was approved and conducted following the guidelines of the human research ethics committee of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
1. Instrument preparation
<ol>
	<li>Ensure the availability of sterilized surgical instruments and equipment, including the following critical items: an intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring system for the mandibular nerve, an endoscope, a plasma ablation device, an electrosurgical unit, and standard surgical instruments.</li>
</ol>
2. Preoperative imaging and patient preparation
<ol>
	<li>Perform preoperative high-resolution MRI with three-dimensional reconstruction to delineate the tumor&#39;s spatial relationships with the internal maxillary artery, mandibular nerve, and lateral pterygoid plate. Assess tumor capsule adhesion to critical structures, including the mandibular nerve, internal maxillary artery, skull base dura, and pterygoid venous plexus (Figure 1).</li>
	<li>Position the patient supine with the head rotated to the unaffected side and shoulders elevated to achieve mild neck extension.</li>
	<li>Administer general anesthesia via nasotracheal intubation.</li>
	<li>Disinfect the intra- and extraoral regions using 0.5% povidone-iodine solution. Drape the surgical field to cover the face and neck while preserving a transoral operative corridor.</li>
	<li>Plan the surgical access incision in the right lateral retromolar region, meticulously avoiding the parotid duct and neurovascular bundles. Mark the incision site with methylene blue (Figure 2A).</li>
</ol>
3. Surgical approach establishment
NOTE: The procedure was performed by a surgical team comprising an attending surgeon, surgical assistant, and scrub nurse. The attending surgeon operated while holding the endoscope in the left hand and surgical instruments in the right hand.
<ol>
	<li>Make a 5 cm longitudinal incision in the non-functional zone of the right buccal mucosa, anterior to the pterygomandibular ligament. Incise the mucosa and submucosal layers to expose the buccinator muscle.</li>
	<li>Divide the buccinator muscle to reveal the buccal fat pad. Partially resect the buccal fat pad if it obstructs the visual field. Retract the buccinator muscle laterally.</li>
	<li>Gently displace the parotid duct along the anterior margin of the pterygomandibular ligament using a periosteal elevator to preserve its integrity.</li>
	<li>Perform meticulous dissection and partial resection of the buccal fat pad (Figure 2B) to expose the anterior borders of the right masseter and medial pterygoid muscles ( Figure 2C).</li>
	<li>Create a domed operative space using an endoscope combined with a flexible titanium mesh retractor.</li>
	<li>Adjust the endoscope&#39;s focal length, magnification, and illumination to achieve a clear visual field spanning from the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus to the posterior boundary of the lateral pterygoid plate.</li>
</ol>
4. Tumor exposure and resection (Figure 3)
<ol>
	<li>Set the low-temperature plasma ablation device to bipolar output mode for cutting and adjust the power to 330 W &#177; 20% under a 250 &#937; load. Use it to incise the masseter and medial pterygoid muscle attachments at the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus, exposing the ramus.</li>
	<li>Dissect medially along the anterior mandibular ramus into the pterygomandibular space while meticulously preserving the lingual nerve. Further dissect the lingual nerve along the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus (Figure 3A).</li>
	<li>Dissect the medial pterygoid muscle superiorly along the medial surface of the ramus, incise it, and access the ITF to expose the tumor (Figure 3B).</li>
	<li>Confirm endoscopic visualization of a fully encapsulated tumor approximately 2 cm in diameter located medial to the mandibular ramus and adjacent to the anterior condylar border. Omit coronoidectomy if no obstruction is observed in the coronoid process.</li>
	<li>Initiate intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring of the mandibular nerve.</li>
	<li>Resect the tumor en bloc using the plasma ablation device 1 mm beyond the tumor capsule (Figure 3C).</li>
	<li>Maintain the plasma ablation device in bipolar output mode if encountering bleeding from the pterygoid plexus or maxillary artery during dissection, but reduce the power to 60 W &#177; 20% under a 250 &#937; load for precise hemostasis. Ensure continuous irrigation of conductive fluid (e.g., saline) throughout the procedure to dissipate heat and prevent thermal injury to surrounding tissues.</li>
	<li>Continue these steps until complete tumor separation is achieved finally (Figure 3F).</li>
	<li>Immediately send the resected specimen for intraoperative frozen section analysis to confirm the benign or malignant nature of the ITF tumor (Figure 3G).</li>
	<li>Proceed with the surgical plan if the analysis confirms benign pathology. Smooth the mandibular bone prominence using a diamond-coated drill.</li>
	<li>Irrigate the surgical cavity endoscopically to ensure no residual tumor capsule remains.</li>
	<li>Pack and secure absorbable hemostatic gauze and a drainage strip in place. Reapproximate the muscle, fascia layers, and mucosal flap and close the incision with interrupted 3-0 absorbable sutures (Figure 3D, E). Ensure precise deep-to-superficial layer alignment to prevent dead space formation and avoid nerve injury.</li>
</ol>
5. Postoperative management
<ol>
	<li>Administer aggressive fluid resuscitation and supportive therapy during the early postoperative period. Remove the drainage tube if the drainage volume is &#60;10 mL within 24 h and no active bleeding is observed.</li>
	<li>Initiate a cool liquid diet within 24 h postoperatively and gradually transition to soft foods. Assess mouth opening daily until the physiological range (&#8805;35 mm) is restored.</li>
	<li>Optimize nutritional intake to enhance immune resilience and maintain rigorous oral and surgical site hygiene. Remove sutures one week postoperatively.</li>
	<li>Schedule clinical reviews at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Advise patients to seek prompt evaluation for any discomfort.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Yadav, V., Bhagat, S., Sharma, D., Aggarwal, A., Goel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Giant+pleomorphic+adenoma+of+infratemporal+fossa%3A+a+rare+case+report%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Indian+J+Otolaryngol+Head+Neck+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Giant pleomorphic adenoma of infratemporal fossa: a rare case report.</a> Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 76 (2), 2042-2047 (2023).</li>
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<li>Yuan, B., Yan, Z., Zhang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Anatomic+study+of+endoscopic+minimally+invasive+lateral+approach+to+the+infratemporal+fossa%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Anatomic study of endoscopic minimally invasive lateral approach to the infratemporal fossa.</a> J Craniofac Surg. , (2025).</li>
<li>Lisan, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Infratemporal+fossa+tumors%3A+when+to+suspect+a+malignant+tumor%3F+a+retrospective+cohort+study+of+62+cases%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Eur+Ann+Otorhinolaryngol+Head+Neck+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Infratemporal fossa tumors: when to suspect a malignant tumor? a retrospective cohort study of 62 cases.</a> Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 135 (5), 311-314 (2018).</li>
<li>Sheen, D., Weston, D., Gordin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Midface+degloving+approach+for+total+maxillectomy+without+orbital+exenteration%3A+a+case+series%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22OTO+Open%22%5BJournal%5D)">Midface degloving approach for total maxillectomy without orbital exenteration: a case series.</a> OTO Open. 9 (1), e70063(2025).</li>
<li>Thakkar, K., Moorthy, R. K., Yadav, B., George, S. E., Singh, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effect+of+administration+of+tranexamic+acid+on+blood+loss+and+transfusion+requirements+in+children+undergoing+posterior+fossa+tumor+excision%3A+a+retrospective+cohort+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Childs+Nerv+Syst%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effect of administration of tranexamic acid on blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing posterior fossa tumor excision: a retrospective cohort study.</a> Childs Nerv Syst. 39 (4), 877-886 (2022).</li>
<li>Shiferaw, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Predictors+of+operative+ischemic+cerebrovascular+complications+in+skull+base+tumor+resections%3A+experience+in+low-resource+setting%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuro+Oncol+Pract%22%5BJournal%5D)">Predictors of operative ischemic cerebrovascular complications in skull base tumor resections: experience in low-resource setting.</a> Neuro Oncol Pract. 11 (6), 790-802 (2024).</li>
<li>De Jesus, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Complications+after+open+skull+base+surgery+for+brain+tumors%3A+a+26-year+experience%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cureus%22%5BJournal%5D)">Complications after open skull base surgery for brain tumors: a 26-year experience.</a> Cureus. 15 (12), e50312(2023).</li>
<li>Taniguchi, S., Kam, J., Castle-Kirszbaum, M., Akagami, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oral+and+general+health+quality+of+life+following+a+subtemporal+preauricular+infratemporal+approach+with+condylar+fossa+osteotomy+in+surgical+skull+base+tumor+resection%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Neurosurg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oral and general health quality of life following a subtemporal preauricular infratemporal approach with condylar fossa osteotomy in surgical skull base tumor resection.</a> J Neurosurg. 142 (3), 731-740 (2025).</li>
<li>Chung, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Analysis+of+surgical+approaches+to+skull+base+tumors+involving+the+pterygopalatine+and+infratemporal+fossa%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Analysis of surgical approaches to skull base tumors involving the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossa.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 30 (2), 589-595 (2019).</li>
<li>Lu, Y., Chen, M., Yang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Access+to+the+infratemporal+fossa%3A+a+modified+transzygomatic+approach+with+preservation+of+masseter+attachment+and+a+long-term+follow-up+period%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Stomatol+Oral+Maxillofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Access to the infratemporal fossa: a modified transzygomatic approach with preservation of masseter attachment and a long-term follow-up period.</a> J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 124 (2), 101336(2023).</li>
<li>Mongkolkul, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Endoscopic+multiport+approach+for+exenteration+of+the+infratemporal+fossa%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Laryngoscope%22%5BJournal%5D)">Endoscopic multiport approach for exenteration of the infratemporal fossa.</a> Laryngoscope. 133 (6), 1367-1374 (2023).</li>
<li>Cao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Infratemporal+fossa+schwannoma+surgery+via+a+combined+prelacrimal+recess%2C+caldwell-luc%2C+and+distal+intraoral+approach%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Craniofac+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Infratemporal fossa schwannoma surgery via a combined prelacrimal recess, caldwell-luc, and distal intraoral approach.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 35 (2), 590-592 (2024).</li>
<li>Sabrin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Opportunities+of+electronic+and+optical+sensors+in+autonomous+medical+plasma+technologies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22ACS+Sens%22%5BJournal%5D)">Opportunities of electronic and optical sensors in autonomous medical plasma technologies.</a> ACS Sens. 8 (3), 974-993 (2023).</li>
<li>Li, L., London, N. R., Prevedello, D. M., Carrau, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Anatomy+based+corridors+to+the+infratemporal+fossa%3A+implications+for+endoscopic+approaches%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Head+Neck%22%5BJournal%5D)">Anatomy based corridors to the infratemporal fossa: implications for endoscopic approaches.</a> Head Neck. 42 (5), 846-853 (2019).</li>
<li>Zou, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+novel+endoscopic+nasopharyngectomy+by+low-temperature+plasma+radiofrequency+ablation+in+localized+recurrent+nasopharyngeal+carcinoma%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Head+Neck%22%5BJournal%5D)">A novel endoscopic nasopharyngectomy by low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation in localized recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.</a> Head Neck. 46 (2), 291-299 (2023).</li>
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The author has no conflicts of interest to disclose.

ITF tumors, as rare entities in the head and neck region, are primarily managed by surgical resection as the definitive curative approach. The clinical challenge arises from their deep-seated anatomical location and proximity to the internal carotid artery and cranial nerve complexes. Early-stage tumors often present with nonspecific symptoms -- such as unilateral nasal obstruction, facial dull pain, or limited mouth opening -- mimicking sinusitis or temporomandibular joint disorders, leading to delayed diagnosis until t...

Infratemporal fossa (ITF) tumors, as relatively rare lesions in the head and neck region, present significant challenges in skull base surgery due to their deep-seated location and obscuration by surrounding structures, complicating both diagnosis and treatment1,2,3. Benign tumors dominate this region, accounting for approximately 74% of cases (e.g., schwannomas and nasopharyngeal angiofibromas), while malignancies often arise from adjacent structure invasion or distant metastasis (with adenoid cystic carcinoma being the most common)4. Anatomically, the ITF is bounded anteriorly by the posterolateral wall of the maxilla, posteriorly by the root of the styloid process and part of the temporal bone, medially by the lateral pterygoid plate, laterally by the ascending ramus of the mandible, and superiorly by the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. This compartment communicates with the pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossa via natural bony channels such as the foramen ovale and spinosum, facilitating tumor spread along fascial planes and complicating surgical boundary delineation5. Notably, the proximity of this region to critical neurovascular structures-including the internal maxillary artery, mandibular nerve, and pterygoid venous plexus-often results in insidious early symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis when tumors have already reached substantial size, thereby amplifying surgical risks.
Conventional open approaches (e.g., submandibular or zygomatic osteotomy routes) require extensive soft tissue dissection and mandibular or zygomatic bone resection to achieve adequate exposure, resulting in significant collateral trauma. Literature reports intraoperative blood loss averaging 500-1000 mL6,7, alongside risks of postoperative complications such as parotid gland injury, cranial nerve palsy, cerebrospinal fluid leakage8, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and trismus9. Additionally, postoperative facial scarring and asymmetry10,11 render these approaches suboptimal for modern minimally invasive and aesthetic demands, limiting their use to large or malignant tumors requiring radical resection.
Existing non-transoral endoscopic techniques for ITF tumor resection remain constrained by critical limitations. The transnasal approach, hindered by tortuous anatomical pathways, obscures lateral visualization, impeding access to tumors in the lateral quadrant12. The Caldwell-Luc route necessitates anterior maxillary wall resection, risking injury to the superior alveolar nerve13. Furthermore, non-natural cavity approaches exacerbate blind spots through spatial compression, increasing iatrogenic injury risks to the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves. In contrast, the transoral lateral molar approach combined with plasma ablation and 0&#176; rigid endoscope establishes a surgical corridor via natural anatomical spaces, eliminating the need for osteotomy or external incisions. The 0&#176; rigid endoscope provides direct axial access to the ITF core through the molar region, overcoming lateral blind zones inherent to traditional angled scopes, particularly enhancing exposure of deep-seated tumors medial to the mandibular ramus and posterior to the lateral pterygoid plate. The plasma ablation system enables simultaneous cutting and precise hemostasis in low-temperature mode, with a large-bore suction channel optimizing visual clarity. Integration of anti-gravity unidirectional fluid control ensures dynamic balance between saline irrigation and aspiration, mitigating thermal damage and electrical leakage risks14. Miniaturized instruments facilitate manipulation within narrow anatomical spaces, allowing single-port integration of endoscope and plasma ablation tools to avoid multi-port interference. Angular adjustments enable comprehensive quadrant management, offering a minimally invasive, functionally preservative, and safe solution for localized tumors &#8804;4 cm in maximum diameter.
Case Presentation 
A 55-year-old female patient was diagnosed with a space-occupying lesion at the right skull base during an evaluation at another hospital one month ago. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 2.5 &#215; 2 cm well-demarcated, moderately enhancing lesion in the right masticator space. Physical examination demonstrated symmetrical facial contour, normal mouth opening, and no palpable swelling or tenderness in the right lesion area. Mandibular nerve function tests showed no pathological alterations. The diagnosis favored a vascular malformation. After discussing surgical risks and the potential to avoid external scarring, the patient consented to an endoscope-assisted transoral lateral molar approach with plasma ablation and standard intraoperative nerve monitoring of the mandibular nerve.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0&amp;deg; Rigid Endoscope</td><td>KARL STORZ SE &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>1216AA</td><td>Provides intraoperative vision</td></tr><tr><td>3-0 absorbable surgical suture</td><td>Johnson (Suzhou) Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td><td>VCP177D</td><td>Tissue suturing</td></tr><tr><td>High-Frequency Electrosurgical Unit</td><td>Guangdong Baisheng Medical Equipment Co., Ltd.</td><td>OBS-350A</td><td>Precise tissue cutting and coagulation</td></tr><tr><td>Plasma ablation system</td><td>BONSS MEDICAL</td><td>ADS413</td><td>Synchronous cutting at low temperature to stop bleeding, prevent heat loss and leakage, and ensure a balanced field of vision.</td></tr><tr><td>SURGICEL SNoW Absorbable Hemostat</td><td>Ethicon LLC</td><td>3013SP</td><td>Used for endoscopic surgical bleeding control.</td></tr></tbody></table>

lateral molar approach-driven transoral endoscopic procedure for benign infratemporal fossa tumor resection

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection

Benign infratemporal fossa tumors necessitate complete resection while preserving neurovascular integrity. Conventional open approaches risk delayed bone healing, occlusal dysfunction, severe facial scarring, and iatrogenic neurovascular injury. We propose an endoscopic-assisted plasma ablation technique via a lateral molar transoral approach to address these limitations.
A 55-year-old female with a 2.5 &#215; 2 cm right infratemporal fossa tumor underwent the novel procedure. A 4-5 cm mucosal incision lateral to the molar established an osteotomy-free corridor along the mandibular ramus. The technique integrated a 4-mm 0&#176; rigid endoscope for magnified visualization and a low-temperature plasma ablation device for extracapsular dissection with simultaneous cutting/coagulation, minimizing thermal damage. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring safeguarded the mandibular nerve. Postoperative recovery metrics, MRI, and histopathology were analyzed.
Complete tumor resection was achieved in 122 min with 50 mL blood loss. Postoperative MRI confirmed no residual lesions, but they were replaced by fibrotic scar tissue. Mandibular function (physiological mouth opening &#8805;35 mm) and facial sensation recovered by postoperative day 3. No hematoma, infection, or neurological deficits occurred. Histopathology confirmed a benign vascular malformation (SMA+, CD31/CD34+). Aesthetic outcomes were optimal, with no visible scarring (patient satisfaction: 10/10).
The endoscopic-assisted plasma ablation technique via a transoral lateral molar approach enables precise, minimally invasive resection of anteromedial infratemporal fossa tumors (&#8804;4 cm), avoiding osteotomy and external incisions. Synergizing anatomic landmark guidance, energy-selective ablation, and intraoperative neuroprotection, this method optimizes functional preservation and aesthetic outcomes while adhering to microsurgical principles. Standardization requires advanced endoscopic skills and warrants further validation in larger cohorts.

Imaging evidence 
Preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a well-circumscribed, round mass in the right ITF with moderate homogeneous enhancement. The tumor adhered to the medial periosteum of the mandibular ramus and was partially encircled posteriorly by the pterygoid venous plexus. The internal maxillary artery abutted the tumor's superior pole without evidence of infiltration. Postoperative MRI at 3 months confirmed complete tumor resection with no residual or ...

Here, we present a protocol to resect benign infratemporal fossa tumors via an endoscopic-assisted transoral lateral molar approach with low-temperature plasma ablation and intraoperative mandibular nerve monitoring. This minimally invasive technique prioritizes anatomical preservation, functional recovery, and avoidance of external scarring, demonstrating feasibility for well-demarcated lesions &#8804;4 cm in diameter.

Benign infratemporal fossa tumors necessitate complete resection while preserving neurovascular integrity. Conventional open approaches risk delayed bone ...

We developed a transoral endoscopic approach for infratemporal fossa tumors using plasma ablation for precise dissection and hemorrhage control, to achieve scarless resection while preserving nerves and vessels. We've integrated real-time surgical navigation into our transoral endoscopic technique, so this allows for precise tumor boundary mapping and more accurate extracapsular dissection, enhancing both safety and the completeness of resection. We utilize the advanced technologies including high-resolution endoscope, low-temperature plasma ablation for precise dissection and intraoperative nerve monitoring to maximize surgical safety and accuracy.The key challenges include resecting tumors amidst the delicate neurovascular structures, and overcoming the steep learning curve to master this precise endoscopic technique. Begin by planning the surgical access incision in the right lateral retromolar region, ensuring avoidance of the parotid duct and neurovascular bundles, and mark the site with methylene blue. Make a five centimeter longitudinal incision in the non-functional zone of the right buccal mucosa, positioned anterior to the pterygomandibular ligament.Using a scalpel, incise through the mucosa and submucosal layers to expose the buccinator muscle. Divide the buccinator muscle to expose the buccal fat pad. Then, retract the buccinator muscle laterally.Now, perform meticulous dissection of the buccal fat pad and resect part of the buccal fat pad to expose the anterior borders of the right masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. Use the plasma ablation device to incise the attachments of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles at the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus to expose the ramus. Then, dissect medially along the anterior surface of the mandibular ramus into the pterygomandibular space.Carefully dissect around the lingual nerve, ensuring its preservation. Continue tracing the lingual nerve along the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus. Dissect the medial pterygoid muscle in a superior direction along the medial surface of the mandibular ramus.Incise the muscle to gain access to the infratemporal fossa and expose the tumor. Using the plasma ablation device, perform en bloc resection of the tumor with a one millimeter margin beyond the tumor capsule. Then, irrigate the surgical cavity using an endoscope to confirm the complete removal of the tumor capsule.Finally, pack the cavity with absorbable hemostatic gauze and place a drainage strip. At three months, postoperative MRI confirmed complete resection with no residual or recurrent lesions. Postoperative histopathological diagnosis confirmed a vascular malformation in the right skull base.At three month follow-up, no facial asymmetry or visible scarring was observed.

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Learn a transoral endoscopic approach for resecting benign infratemporal fossa tumors using plasma ablation and real-time navigation. This minimally invasive technique preserves nerves and achieves scarless outcomes.

Lateral Molar Approach-Driven Transoral Endoscopic Procedure for Benign Infratemporal Fossa Tumor Resection

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