Name: Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2025-10-10T13:35:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 56 s
Description: Learn to fabricate fiber-reinforced PBAT foams using supercritical CO2 foaming with carbon and bamboo fibers. This method reduces shrinkage and improves mechanical properties for sustainable packaging applications.

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5 minutes

We thank the funding of Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University (2023KF10). Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (LH2024C044), the Collaborative Innovation Project of First-Class Disciplines in Heilongjiang Province (LJGXCG2024-F11), Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by Heilongjiang Province (2024QNTG006), Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (LBH-Z24041), and 2023 Outstanding Master&#39;s and Doctoral Theses of Heilongjiang in the New Era Funding Project.

The reagents and the equipment used in this study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Raw material pretreatment
<ol>
	<li>Put the PBAT, CF, and BF in an oven at 80 °C for 8 h (Figure 1A).</li>
</ol>
2. Weighing and pre-mixing
<ol>
	<li>Taking a total mass of 200 g as an example, use an electronic balance to proportionally weigh PBAT and CF (for instance, PBAT/20CF: 180 g PBAT and 20 g CF).</li>
	<li>Pour the weighed PBAT and CF into a polyethylene bag, mix for 5 min to ensure preliminary uniform dispersion of CF.</li>
</ol>
3. Melt extrusion
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the power switch of the twin-screw extruder (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Set the temperature of each zone to 135 °C, 145 °C, 155 °C, 165 °C, and 160 °C respectively.</li>
	<li>Initiate the heating program and maintain for 30 min after the temperature in each zone reaches the set value.</li>
	<li>Set the host speed to 5 rpm.</li>
	<li>Set the feeder rotation speed to 3 rpm.</li>
	<li>Add pure PBAT pellets into the extruder and run for 10 min to clean the screw.</li>
	<li>Switch to PBAT/20CF premix and extrude continuously.</li>
	<li>Prepare samples with PBAT/15CF/5BF, PBAT/10CF/10BF, PBAT/5CF/15BF, PBAT/20BF, content respectively according to the above steps. Clean the screw with pure PBAT before each raw material change.</li>
	<li>Collect the extruded mass and crush it using a powder granulator (Figure 1C).</li>
	<li>Seal and store the crushed samples in polyethylene bags, labeling them with the formulation ratio and date.</li>
</ol>
4. Compression molding
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the power switch of the flat vulcanizing machine (Figure 1D).</li>
	<li>Set the temperature of the upper and lower plates to 165 °C.</li>
	<li>Initiate the heating program and maintain for 10 min after reaching the target temperature.</li>
	<li>Based on the mold dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm × 4 mm, the calculated required material mass is 60 g.</li>
	<li>Lay a polytetrafluoroethylene film over the flat gasket, followed immediately by placing the mold.</li>
	<li>Evenly distribute the material into the mold.</li>
	<li>Lay a polytetrafluoroethylene film over the mold for material placement, then cover with a flat gasket.</li>
	<li>Place the laid material in the center of the heating plate of the flat vulcanizing machine.</li>
	<li>Initiate the mold closing procedure, apply 1 MPa pressure, maintain pressure for 3 min, and expel air from the material to avoid bubble formation.</li>
	<li>Continue the mold closing procedure, increase the pressure to 10 MPa, and maintain for 10 min to ensure the material is melted and uniformly fills the mold.</li>
	<li>Turn off the heating, activate the cooling system, and wait until the temperature drops below 40 °C before depressurizing and removing the mold.</li>
</ol>
5. ScCO2 foaming process
<ol>
	<li>Use a blade to cut the molded sheet into dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm (Figure 1E).</li>
	<li>Place the cut panels into the reaction vessel.</li>
	<li>Tighten the bolts of the reactor using a wrench tool and close the reactor.</li>
	<li>Close the exhaust valve of the reaction kettle.</li>
	<li>Open the valve of the CO2 cylinder vent.</li>
	<li>Open the intake valve of the booster pump.</li>
	<li>Open the inlet valve of the reactor and inject CO2 gas into the reactor.</li>
	<li>Close the inlet valve of the reactor and maintain for 3 min.</li>
	<li>Open the exhaust valve of the reactor to discharge the air inside the reactor.</li>
	<li>Turn on the power switches of the two oil baths, and set the temperatures to 165 °C and 100 °C, respectively.</li>
	<li>Place the reaction vessel containing the sample in an oil bath at 165 °C for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Open the inlet valve of the reactor to pressurize the reactor and introduce CO2, with the pressure controlled at 10 MPa, and maintain the temperature for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Close the ventilation valve of the CO2 cylinder.</li>
	<li>Close the intake valve of the booster pump.</li>
	<li>Close the inlet valve of the reaction kettle.</li>
	<li>Transfer the reaction vessel containing the sample to an oil bath at 100 °C, maintaining the temperature and pressure for 60 min.</li>
	<li>Open the exhaust valve of the reactor and rapidly release pressure within 3 s to obtain the foam material.</li>
</ol>
6. Foam characterization
NOTE: The density of the specimen is directly measured using a densitometer. Taking pure PBAT as an example.
<ol>
	<li>Switch the power on. The display will change from 8888888 to 0.00 g.</li>
	<li>Press the 0 key to reset it to zero.</li>
	<li>Place the sample on the measurement platform.</li>
	<li>Press the ENTER key after stabilization.</li>
	<li>Remove the sample and wipe it dry.</li>
	<li>Place the sample on the submerged hanging platform in water.</li>
	<li>After stabilization, press the ENTER key. The reading value is 1.223 g/cm3.</li>
	<li>Press the SET button to exit and return to the weighing mode, then proceed to measure other products. 
	NOTE: The density of the specimen is directly measured using a densitometer.</li>
	<li>Calculate the initial foaming ratio of the foam (φ1) using the following formula24. 
	<img alt="Static equilibrium equation; φ₁=ρ₀/ρ₁; formula for density ratio; theoretical analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/68982/68982eq1v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" data-altupdatedat="1778558422000" data-alt="Equation 1">     (1) 
	NOTE: ρ0 is the solid density of the specimen, and ρ1 is the initial foaming density of the foam.</li>
	<li>Calculate the foaming expansion ratio after foam stabilization (φ2) using the following formula24. 
	<img alt="φ₂ = ρ₀ / ρ₂; equation for density ratio in physics or chemistry analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/68982/68982eq2v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" data-altupdatedat="1778558422000" data-alt="Equation 2">     (2) 
	NOTE: ρ2 is the foaming density after foam stabilization.</li>
	<li>Calculate the shrinkage ratio (S) using the following equation24. 
	<img alt="Equation for percent error: S = (ϕ₁ - ϕ₂) / ϕ₁ × 100%." src="/files/ftp_upload/68982/68982eq3v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" data-altupdatedat="1778558422000" data-alt="Equation 3">     (3)</li>
</ol>
7. SEM characterization
<ol>
	<li>Place the foam cutting sample on the SEM specimen stage.</li>
	<li>Apply gold spray treatment to the foam.</li>
	<li>Obtain SEM images by setting the acceleration voltage to 5 kV.</li>
	<li>Open the SEM image using Image J and use the Straight Line tool to match the scale bar of the image.</li>
	<li>Click on Analyze &gt; Set Scale, set the Known Distance to the scale bar of the SEM image, then click on Global &gt; OK.</li>
	<li>Click on Analyze &gt; Tools &gt; ROI Management to measure the cell size of the foam, then click on Add it. Measure the required number of samples as specified.</li>
	<li>Click on Measure to obtain quantitative data of the figure for further calculations.</li>
	<li>Calculate the average cell diameter of the foam using the following formula24. 
	<img alt="Chemical diversity index formula, ΣDi*ni/Σni, equation for biodiversity analysis, mathematical expression." src="/files/ftp_upload/68982/68982eq4v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" data-altupdatedat="1778558422000" data-alt="Equation 4">     (4) 
	NOTE: ni refers to the number of cells with a diameter of Di in the SEM image.</li>
	<li>Calculate the nucleation density (N0) of foam using the following formula24. 
	<img alt="Nucleation theory equation, N₀=(n/A)^(3/2)×φ₂, mathematical formula for research analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/68982/68982eq5v2.jpg" style="margin: auto;" data-altupdatedat="1778558422000" data-alt="Equation 5">     (5) 
	NOTE : n is the total number of cells in SEM, and A is the area of SEM.</li>
</ol>
8. Detemination of compressive properties
<ol>
	<li>According to the GB/T 1041-2008 testing standard, cut 6 sets of specimens measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 8 mm from each type of foam. 
	NOTE: Conduct a visual inspection of the specimen to ensure the surface is flat and free from obvious defects such as cracks, material shortages, etc.</li>
	<li>Measure the specimen dimensions.</li>
	<li>Open the software.</li>
	<li>Turn on the testing machine and connect it to the software.</li>
	<li>Install the compression fixture, ensuring its parallelism and perpendicularity meet the requirements.</li>
	<li>Place the foam specimen at the center of the compression fixture, ensuring good contact between the specimen and the fixture.</li>
	<li>Set the test parameters of the testing machine. The loading speed is 5 mm/min, with 10 cycles and a compressive strain of 50%.</li>
	<li>Conduct the operational test, commence applying compressive force to the foam specimen while simultaneously recording data.</li>
	<li>After the test is completed, remove the foam sample. 
	NOTE: During the experiment, observe the deformation of the foam specimen, such as whether local deformation, cracking, or collapse occurs, and keep detailed records.</li>
	<li>Repeat the above steps for all foam samples to verify and ensure the reproducibility of the results.</li>
	<li>After the experiment, calculate the compressive strength of the foam sample.</li>
</ol>

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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Drying treatment is a critical step preceding melt extrusion. Its primary objective is to remove moisture from the material to prevent hydrolysis, vaporization, and interfacial defects under high-temperature conditions. This ensures the mechanical properties, processing stability, and appearance quality of PBAT composites8. In this study, the specific procedure involved placing PBAT, CF, and BF in an oven for 8 h of drying treatment at a temperature of 80 &#176;C.
By me...

Fiber-reinforced polymer foams have been widely applied in various fields, including aerospace1, transportation2, construction3, and environmental protection4, due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent thermal stability, and versatile composability. Driven by global &#34;dual-carbon&#34; goals and plastic pollution control initiatives, biodegradable polymer foams are becoming a research hotspot5,6,7. PBAT, as a typical bio-based biodegradable polyester, is considered an ideal alternative to traditional petroleum-based foam materials due to its outstanding processing performance and environmental friendliness8,9,10,11. However, the significant shrinkage exhibited by pure PBAT foams limits their application12.
Among various modification techniques, research has found that employing fiber reinforcement technology can significantly enhance the performance of PBAT foam13. CF, renowned for its high strength, high modulus, and low density, is frequently utilized to reinforce polymers, thereby enhancing their mechanical properties14. The inclusion of CF not only offers stronger mechanical support for foams but may also modify their microstructure, thus improving their overall performance15,16. Yimu Qiao et al.17 prepared a sandwich structure composed of PBAT/CF foam and continuous CF reinforced polypropylene (PP) prepregs. The study found that the foam cells with prepregs were more uniform and dense. In contrast, BF presents unique advantages in reinforcement materials due to its exceptional biocompatibility and renewability18. Its unique internal microstructure bestows certain toughness and cushioning properties on the material19. Wei Guo et al.20 prepared alkali-modified BF reinforced polypropylene BF/PP foams. The research shows that the addition of BF improves the cellular structure and significantly enhances the mechanical properties of BF/PP foams. Consequently, the judicious combination of CF and BF in the fabrication of PBAT foam is anticipated to maximize the benefits of both materials, mitigate the significant shrinkage issue of pure PBAT foam, and further broaden its application potential across various fields.
Although scCO2 foaming technology has made the aforementioned progress, there are still significant shortcomings in the field of fiber-reinforced biodegradable polyester foam. First, existing research mostly uses single fiber reinforcement (such as pure CF or pure BF), failing to fully leverage the synergistic effects of different fibers, such as the combination of CF&#39;s rigidity enhancement and BF&#39;s interface control advantages. Second, avoiding foaming defects caused by decreased melt flowability at high fiber content remains a challenge. The innovation of this paper lies in addressing the above issues. On the one hand, it constructs a scCO2 foaming system for CF/BF dual-fiber synergistic reinforcement of PBAT, which compensates for the shortcomings of single-fiber systems in nucleation efficiency and interface bonding. At the same time, optimising the CF/BF ratio improves the mechanical properties of the foam while ensuring foaming, providing a new design concept for the high-performance of biodegradable foam.
ScCO2 foaming technology has opened new avenues for producing high-performance microcellular foam materials, leveraging its environmental benefits, tunable micron-scale pore size, and flexible process parameter adjustability21. Through scCO2 foaming, CO2 dissolves uniformly within the composite material system. Upon sudden pressure release, the carbon dioxide rapidly escapes, forming numerous uniformly distributed bubble nuclei that subsequently grow into pores22. This process not only enables precise control over pore size and density but also enhances the material&#39;s thermal insulation, soundproofing, and cushioning properties while maintaining its original performance23.
This study investigates a scCO2 foaming system for PBAT composites reinforced with varying ratios of CF and BF, both at a total content of 20 %. To prepare PBAT/CF/BF foam, the CF/BF ratio was selected as 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. The foaming temperature was 100 &#176;C, the foaming pressure was 10 MPa, and the foaming time was 60 min. Initially, foams were produced, and their density, expansion ratio, and shrinkage rate were measured to visually illustrate the differences in the fundamental physical properties of the foams with different fiber ratios. Subsequently, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to characterize the cellular structure, with cell diameters measured to disclose, at the microscopic level, the impact of varying fiber ratios on cell morphology, size, and uniformity. Lastly, compression cycle tests were performed to assess the compression performance, indicating the mechanical load-bearing capacity conferred to the foams by different fiber reinforcement combinations. The results of this study will offer theoretical bases and technical insights for the development of bio-based, biodegradable foam materials with superior physical properties, microstructure, and mechanical strength, thus promoting their sustainable use in areas such as packaging and construction.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bamboo fiber</td><td>Sichuan Lvzhu Plant Fiber Co.,Ltd., China</td><td>1000 mesh</td><td>Raw material supplied for the experimental work</td></tr><tr><td>Booster pump</td><td>Dongguan Suncenter Fuild Control Equipment Co.,Ltd., China</td><td>DGA15C</td><td>Used to Controlle Pressure</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon dioxide</td><td>Harbin Qinghua Industrial gases Co. Ltd., China</td><td>99.9% purity</td><td>Used as the foaming agent</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon fiber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Toray Industries Incorporated,&amp;nbsp; Japan</td><td>1000 mesh</td><td>Raw material supplied for the experimental work</td></tr><tr><td>Ceactor</td><td>Zhengzhou Zechen Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd., China</td><td>0.5 L</td><td>Used as a foaming container</td></tr><tr><td>Compactor</td><td>Zhejiang Kaishan Compressor Co., Ltd., China</td><td>XK06-010-00487</td><td>pressurized</td></tr><tr><td>Digital oil bath</td><td>Boho Temptech Co.,Ltd., China</td><td>HH-5-12L</td><td>Used to heat</td></tr><tr><td>Drying oven</td><td>Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., China</td><td>DGG-9070</td><td>Used to dry raw materials</td></tr><tr><td>Electronic balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo (Changzhou) Weighing Equipment System Co., Ltd</td><td>SPN501F</td><td>Used to weigh of raw materials</td></tr><tr><td>Flat plate sulphurisation instrument</td><td>Bolon Precision Testing Machines Co.,Ltd., China</td><td>BL-6170-A</td><td>For hot compression moulding of composites</td></tr><tr><td>High-precision solid density meter</td><td>Yuemang Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd., China</td><td>JHY-120Y</td><td>Device used to determine&amp;nbsp; density</td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis softwareNational Institutes of Health</td><td>National Institutes of Health</td><td>ImageJ</td><td>Software used for determining the morphological characteristics of foam</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)</td><td>Xinjiang Blue Ridge Tunhe Sci.&amp;amp; Tech. Co.,Ltd., China</td><td>TH801T</td><td>Raw material supplied for the experimental work</td></tr><tr><td>Polytetrafluoroethylene film</td><td>Luo Huixing Plastic Materials Trading Company, China</td><td>0.5 mm</td><td>Used to demould</td></tr><tr><td>Pulveriser</td><td>Shenzhen Chengzhongsheng Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd.,China</td><td>380 w, 50 Hz</td><td>Used to Crush and granulate</td></tr><tr><td>Scanner</td><td>FEI Inc., USA</td><td>QUANTA 220</td><td>Scanner used for taking an image of foams</td></tr><tr><td>Twin-screw extruder</td><td>Nanjing Jiente Machine Point Co. Ltd., China</td><td>SHJ-20</td><td>Melt Mixing</td></tr><tr><td>Universal mechanical testing machine</td><td>Wance Technologies Ltd., China</td><td>TestPilot X10A</td><td>Used to smeasure compression performance</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of carbon fiber and bamboo fiber reinforced poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) foams by supercritical carbon dioxide foaming

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming

Fiber-reinforced polymer foams have found extensive applications across numerous fields. Particularly, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) has garnered significant attention in the field of biodegradable materials due to its exceptional processing properties, mechanical performance, and biocompatibility. However, the high shrinkage rate of pure PBAT foam limits its application. Among the various materials capable of enhancing foam performance, carbon fiber (CF) and bamboo fiber (BF) exhibit unique advantages. This study employed supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming technology to successfully prepare PBAT/CF/BF foams. The results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of CF and BF significantly improves the anti-shrinkage properties of PBAT foam. Compared to pure PBAT foam, the shrinkage rate of PBAT/15CF/5BF foam decreased from 55.63% to 6.92%, a reduction of 87.56%. PBAT/10CF/10BF foam achieved the lowest density of 0.13 g/cm3, representing a 31.58% decrease. PBAT/10CF/10BF foam exhibited the highest expansion ratio of 9.43, an increase of 51.36%. Compression resilience tests revealed that all PBAT/CF/BF foams displayed favorable compression resilience, with PBAT/15CF/5BF foam demonstrating the highest compressive strength of 0.26 MPa. This research provides an effective solution for fabricating fiber-reinforced biodegradable polyester foams. Those foams have anti-shrinkage properties, lightweight characteristics, and excellent resilience.

The physical image and physical properties of PBAT foams reinforced with varying ratios of CF and BF prepared according to the aforementioned protocol are shown in Figure 2. It can be observed that increasing the proportions of CF and BF effectively resists the shrinkage of PBAT foams. Through measurements, the density of pure PBAT foam was found to be 0.19 g/cm3 (Figure 2B), with a foaming ratio of 6.23 (Figure 2C) and a...

This study describes a supercritical carbon dioxide foaming method for the preparation of carbon fiber and bamboo fiber reinforced poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) foams.

Fiber-reinforced polymer foams have found extensive applications across numerous fields. Particularly, poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) has ...

This research focused on developing PBAT/CF/BF carbon foams using scCO2 foaming technology to see data, how fiber synergy enhanced anti-shrinking properties will reduce density and improve compression resilience of foams. The PBAT carbon fiber, bamboo fiber compose the foam. Study provides an effective solution for the manufacture of degradable shrink-resistant, lightweight and high-stress polyester foam, which has application prospective in packaging, thermal insulation and other fields.To begin place the PBAT, CF, and BF in an oven set at 80 degrees Celsius and incubate for eight hours. Using an electronic balance, weigh PBAT and CF proportionally to make a total of 200 grams. Pour the weighed PBAT and carbon fiber into a polyethylene bag.Mix the contents thoroughly by shaking and kneading the bag for five minutes to achieve a uniform preliminary dispersion. Then turn on the power switch of the twin-screw extruder. Set the temperature of each heating zone on the extruder to 135, 145, 155, 165, and 160 degrees Celsius respectively.Set the host screw rotation speed to five revolutions per minute and the feeder rotation speed to three revolutions per minute. Next, add pure PBAT pellets into the feed hopper of the extruder and operate the machine for 10 minutes to clean the screw. Switch the feedstock to the PBAT and 20 CF pre-mixed material and extrude continuously.Then collect the extruded material from the outlet and crush it into granules using a powder granulator. Turn on the power switch of the flat vulcanizing machine. Then set the temperature of both the upper and lower plates to 165 degrees Celsius.Measure 60 grams of the prepared granules according to the mold dimensions. Lay a polytetrafluoroethylene film over a flat gasket and immediately position the mold on top. Evenly distribute the weighed granules into the mold cavity.Cover the mold with another polytetrafluoroethylene film and place a second flat gasket on top. Then place the assembled mold setup at the center of the heating plate of the flat vulcanizing machine. Initiate the mold closing process on the flat vulcanizing machine.Apply a pressure of one megapascal and maintain the pressure for three minutes to expel trapped air and prevent bubble formation. Continue the mold closing operation. Increase the pressure to 10 megapascals and maintain this pressure for 10 minutes to ensure the material melts and fills the mold uniformly.Then turn off the heating system. Activate the cooling mechanism on the vulcanizing machine and wait until the temperature drops below 40 degrees Celsius before depressurizing and removing the mold. Using a blade, cut the molded sheet into pieces.Place the cut sample panels into the reaction vessel. Using a wrench, tighten the bolts of the reactor lid and close the reactor securely. Then close the exhaust valve of the reaction kettle to seal the system.Now open the valve of the carbon dioxide cylinder. After that, open the intake valve of the booster pump. Then open the inlet valve of the reactor to inject carbon dioxide gas into the chamber.After that, close the inlet valve of the reactor and allow the chamber to stabilize for three minutes. To discharge air from inside the chamber, open the exhaust valve of the reactor. Then turn on the power switches of both oil baths and set their temperatures to 165 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius respectively.Place the reaction vessel containing the sample into the oil bath set at 165 degrees Celsius and incubate for 10 minutes. Open the inlet valve of the reactor to pressurize it with carbon dioxide. Set the pressure to 10 megapascals and maintain the temperature for 10 minutes.Close the ventilation valve of the carbon dioxide cylinder, the intake valve of the booster pump, and the inlet valve of the reaction kettle. Then transfer the reaction vessel to the second oil bath set at 100 degrees Celsius and maintain both temperature and pressure for 60 minutes. Open the exhaust valve of the reactor and rapidly release the internal pressure within three seconds to obtain the foamed material.Visual inspection confirmed clear differences in foam appearance and expansion with varying fiber content. The density of pure PBAT foam was found to be 0.19 grams per cubic centimeter with a foaming ratio of 6.23 and a stabilized shrinkage rate of 55.63%After incorporating different ratios of CF and BF, the foam density generally decreased, while the foaming ratio correspondingly increased. This indicates that the synergistic effect of CF and BF content can suppress foam shrinkage and enhance the dimensional stability of PBAT foams.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the PBAT and 20CF foam had the largest cell size followed by PBAT and 20BF, while foams with combined CF and BF showed intermediate sizes. The PBAT, CF, and BF foams exhibited the most uniform cell size distribution compared to CF only, or BF only formulations. The PBAT, 5CF, and 15BF foam achieved the highest cell density at 3.63 million cells per cubic centimeter.The compressive strength was highest in PBAT, 15CF, and 5BF foam, reaching 0.26 megapascals. All composite foam samples exhibited consistent compressive resilience across the zero to 50%strain range. Future research may focus on exploring the long-term degradation behavior of compound foam in different environmental, and assessing the economic feasibility and environmental impact of composite foam production.

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Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming (Video) | JoVE Journal

Preparation of Carbon Fiber and Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Poly (butylene Adipate-co-terephthalate) Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Foaming

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