Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Metarhizium robertsii and Metarhizium pinghaense, for Commercial Application Against Insect Pests

Summary

Entomopathogenic fungi have gained importance as the biological control agents of agricultural insect pests. In this study, the mass production of a sufficient number of resilient infective propagules of South African isolates of both Metarhizium robertsii and M. pinghaense for commercial application against insect pests was successfully conducted using agricultural grain products.

Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi of the Metarhizium anisopliae species complex have gained importance as the biological control agents of agricultural insect pests. The increase in pest resistance to chemical insecticides, the growing concerns regarding the negative effects of insecticides on human health, and the environmental pollution from pesticides have led to a global drive to find novel sustainable strategies for crop protection and pest control. Previously, attempts to mass culture such entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species as Beauveria bassiana have been conducted. However, only limited attempts have been conducted to mass culture Metarhizium robertsii and M. pinghaense for use against insect pests. This study aimed to mass-produce a sufficient number of resilient infective propagules of South African isolates of M. robertsii and M. pinghaense for commercial application. Three agricultural grain products, flaked oats, flaked barley, and rice, were used as the EPF solid fermentation substrates. Two inoculation methods, conidial suspensions and the liquid fungal culture of blastospores were used to inoculate the solid substrates. Inoculation using conidial suspensions was observed to be relatively less effective, as increased levels of contamination were observed on the solid substrates relative to when using the blastospore inoculation method. Flaked oats were found not to be a suitable growth substrate for both M. robertsii and M. pinghaense, as no dry conidia were harvested from the substrate. Flaked barley was found to favor the production of M. robertsii conidia over that of M. pinghaense, and an average of 1.83 g ± 1.47 g of dry M. robertsii conidia and zero grams of M. pinghaense conidia was harvested from the substrate. Rice grains were found to favor the conidial mass production of both M. pinghaense and M. robertsii isolates, with an average of 8.2 g ± 4.38 g and 6 g ± 2 g harvested from the substrate, respectively.

Introduction

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have gained importance as crop protection agents in the biological control of important agricultural insect pests^1,2. The entomopathogens, which occur naturally in soil, cause epizootics in the populations of various pest species³. The species of EPF are host-specific and pose relatively few risks in terms of attacking nontarget species, and they are nontoxic to the environment⁴. EPF have a unique mechanism for invading their host, as well as for propagating and persisting in their immediate environment¹. They ....

Protocol

1. Source of fungal strains

1. Use South African isolated fungal strains of both M. pinghaense 5 HEID (GenBank Accession number: MT367414/MT895630) and M. robertsii 6EIKEN (MT378171/MT380849), collected from apple orchards in the Western Cape province, South Africa.
2. Grow cultures of each EPF isolate on 60 g of Sabouraud dextrose agar medium, supplemented with 1 g of yeast extract (SDAY) and 10 µL of Streptomycin.
   NOTE: Incubate EPF cultures at a controlled temperature of ± 25 °C in the dark.

2. Metarhizium pinghaense  and M. robertsii....

Results

A decline in the content mass of the cultures on rice for both the M. pinghaense and the M. robertsii was observed over time during the drying stage of the fungal cultures, with no, or little, change being observed in the mass once the cultures were dry (Figure 5). The harvested dry fungal conidia powder of both the M. pinghaense and the M. robertsii is shown in Figure 6.

Discussion

The successful integration of microbial agents for the biological control of important agricultural insect pests in an agroecosystem depends on both success and ease of mass production of the entomopathogens as the first step under laboratory conditions. The mass production of EPF is important for the large-scale application and availability of EPF products for IPM programs using biological control^9,10,11,

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.05% Tween 20	Lasec		Added to conidial suspensions to allow fungal spores to mix with water
20 mL McCartney bottles	Lasec		Used to make conidial suspensions
Aluminium foil			Used as a cover of the cotton wool plugs on 250-mL flask
Autoclave			Used to sterilize materials and ingredients used for the conidia production process
Autoclave bags	Lasec		Fermentation bags or solid substrate containers
Autoclave tape	Lasec		To secure PVC pipes on the fermentation bags
Brown Kraft paper bags			Used to dry conidia cultures on agricultural grains
Bunsen burnner	Labnet (Labnet International, Inc.)		Used to flame equipment (surgical blades,inoculating loops and rims of flasks)
Clear edge test sieve			Used to separate fungal conidia from agricultural grain substrates
Corn steep liquor	SIGMA	66071-94-1	Ingredient of the blastospore liquid medium
Cotton Wool	Lasec		Used as plug of the neck for fermentation bags
Duran laboratory bottles	Neolab		Used to autoclave SDA medium and distilled water
Electrical tape			Used to tape and seal the sieve joints to prevent the escape of conidial dust
ENDECOTTS test sieve			Used to separate fungal conidia from agricultural grain substrates
Erlenmeyer Flasks, Narrow neck,250-mL flask	Lasec		Carrier of the blastospore liquid medium
Ethanol (99%)	Lasec		Used to sterilize surgical blades and inoculating loops
Flaked barley	Health Connection Wholefoods		Agricultural grain used as a solid substrate growth medium for conidia of both M. pinghaense and M. robertsii
Flaked oats	Tiger brands		Agricultural grain used as a solid substrate growth medium for conidia of both M. pinghaense and M. robertsii
Glucose	Merck		Ingredient of the blastospore liquid medium
Growth Chamber/ incubators			For growing fungal conidia culture
Haemocytometer			Used to determine conidial concentrations
Inoculating loops	Lasec		For harvesting spores to innoculate liquid medium for blastospores growth
Kitchen rolling pin			Used to manipulate the solid grain substrate bed
Laminar flow Cabinet	ESCO Laminar Flow Cabinet		Provide as sterile environment during substrate inoculation
Metarhizium pinghaense conidia	Stellenbosch University	5HEID	Cultures used to mass culture conidia of Metarhizium pinghaense
Metarhizium robertsii conidia	Stellenbosch University	6EIKEN	Cultures used to mass culture conidia of Metarhizium robertsii
Microscope	ZEIZZ (Scope. A1)		Used to determine conidial concentrations and conidial viability
Orbital shaker	IncoShake- LABOTEC		Used for the blastospore production process
Parboiled rice	Spekko		Agricultural grain used as a solid substrate growth medium for conidia of both M. pinghaense and M. robertsii
Penicillin-Streptomycin	SIGMA		Added to the SDA medium to prevent bacterial contamination
Petri-dishes	Lasec		Containers for the SDA medium
Pipettes and pipette tips	Labnet (BioPette PLUS)		Used to measure liquids ingredients
Polyvinylchloride Marley waste pipe			Used to create a neck for the fermentation bag
Potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4)	SIGMA-ALDRICH		Ingredient of the blastospore liquid medium
Rubber band			Used to secure the secure the surgical paper over the fermentation bag PVC pipe necks
Sabaroud dextrose agar (SDA)	NEOGEN Culture Media		Medium used to culture spores of both Metarhizium pinghaense and Metarhizium robertsii
Sterile distilled water			To hydrate agricultural grains, to make conidial suspensions
Sticky pad			Used to secure the seives on the vibratory shaker
Surgical blade	Lasec		Used to scrape off spores from fungal cultures
Surgical paper	Lasec		Used to cover the PVC necks and cotton wool plugs of the fermentation bag
Vibratory shaker			Used to shake conidia off the agricultural grain substrates
Vortex mixer	Labnet (Labnet International, Inc.)		Used to mix conidial suspensions in Mc Cartney bottles
Yeast extract	Biolab		Added to the SDA medium to improve spore germination and growth
Zipper-lock bags	GLAD		Used to to store harvested fungal conidia