Responder Cells
Responder Cells - Related Videos
11:16
Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice
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Cited by 70 •
2012
The present report details the protocol employed to measure the rewarding effects of high-fat food in mice using a progressive ratio operant conditioning task.
08:06
Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Cited by 4 •
2018
This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.
08:52
Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Cited by 49 •
2011
A rapid, simple and cost-effective protocol for the generation of donor-derived multivirus-specific CTLs (rCTL) for infusion to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients at risk of developing CMV, Adv or EBV infections. This manufacturing process is GMP-compliant and should ensure the broader implementation of T-cell immunotherapy beyond specialized centers.
22:49
Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes
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Cited by 45 •
2012
Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.
10:41
Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells
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Cited by 8 •
2014
Somitogenesis is a rhythmic developmental process that spatially patterns the body axis of vertebrate embryos. Previously, we developed transgenic zebrafish lines that use fluorescent reporters to observe the cyclic genes that drive this process. Here, we culture dispersed cells from these lines and image their oscillations over time in vitro.
FAQs
Receptor specificity determines which signals a responder cell can detect and which intracellular pathway it can activate. Hormones, neurotransmitters, and immune mediators may therefore produce effects only in cells carrying receptors that recognize them. This selectivity lets tissues coordinate distinct activities rather than triggering identical changes throughout the organism.
After receptor recognition, the signal is translated into intracellular activity rather than acting only at the cell surface. The resulting pathway can alter enzyme activity or gene expression, or control movement, secretion, or survival. These different outputs explain how external communication can produce rapid functional changes as well as longer-lasting changes in cell state.
The distance between source and target is not the defining feature of a response. Responder cells can participate in coordination through signals acting between neighboring cells or through signals reaching cells elsewhere in the organism. This distinction is useful when interpreting biology because the same communication principle supports local tissue interactions and distant regulation.
A practical way to identify responder cells is to connect receptor presence with a measurable cellular change. Investigators can ask whether cells carry receptors for a particular hormone, neurotransmitter, or immune mediator, then examine changes in enzyme activity, gene expression, movement, secretion, or survival. Combining receptor evidence with a response helps distinguish potential responders from cells unaffected by that signal.
The most informative readout depends on the biological response being studied. Enzyme activity can indicate a functional change, whereas gene-expression measurements can reveal altered cellular programs. Movement, secretion, and survival provide additional outcome categories. Recording the relevant endpoint allows researchers to link a detected external signal to a specific intracellular or whole-cell consequence.
Responder cells are relevant across development, homeostasis, and immune defense because their reactions help coordinate biological activities. The same framework also supports disease research: investigators can examine how signaling becomes inappropriate and how drugs alter receptor signaling or restore appropriate cellular behavior. Thus, response analysis connects basic cell communication with therapeutic strategy.