Tra-1-81 Tra-1-60
Tra-1-81 Tra-1-60 - Related Videos
10:07
Growing Magnetotactic Bacteria of the Genus Magnetospirillum: Strains MSR-1, AMB-1 and MS-1
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Cited by 17 •
2018
We present a procedure for growing several strains of Magnetospirillum in two different types of growth media. Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1 is grown in both liquid and O2 concentration gradient semi-solid media while M. magneticum strain AMB-1 and M. magnetotacticum strain MS-1 are grown in liquid medium.
11:22
Cardiac Muscle-cell Based Actuator and Self-stabilizing Biorobot - PART 1
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Cited by 3 •
2017
In this two-part study, a biological actuator was developed using highly flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cantilevers and living muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), and characterized. The biological actuator was incorporated with a base made of modified PDMS materials to build a self-stabilizing, swimming biorobot.
02:05
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics
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2023
In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile. However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
02:25
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism
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2023
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a polar...
02:42
Acidity of 1-Alkynes
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2023
The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here. Ethane (pKa = 51) Ethene (pKa = 44)
FAQs
The epitopes recognized by Tra-1-81 and Tra-1-60 depend on glycosylation, meaning that carbohydrate modifications of podocalyxin influence antibody binding. This dependence helps these antibodies detect characteristic molecular forms associated with undifferentiated cells rather than recognizing podocalyxin without regard to its modification state. Consequently, staining patterns can change as cells progress toward differentiation.
Tra-1-81 and Tra-1-60 bind distinct epitopes associated with podocalyxin. Using both therefore provides complementary recognition patterns instead of relying on a single antibody interaction. Agreement or differences between their signals can strengthen cell characterization and quality-control assessments, particularly when researchers need to distinguish an undifferentiated population from cells that have begun producing more specialized progeny.
The characteristic podocalyxin forms recognized by these antibodies are abundant in embryonal carcinoma cells and human embryonic stem cells but typically decline as differentiation proceeds. A reduction in antibody signal can therefore indicate movement away from an undifferentiated state. Researchers can use this changing pattern to follow developmental progression and identify populations containing differentiated progeny.
Their usefulness comes from the association between antibody-reactive podocalyxin forms and undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells. Detecting these forms gives researchers a practical molecular readout for evaluating whether a culture retains an undifferentiated population. This supports routine characterization and quality control, while changes in signal provide information about culture state during experimental manipulation.
In immunostaining, researchers use the antibodies to visualize cells carrying the relevant podocalyxin-associated epitopes. The resulting staining pattern shows where antibody-reactive undifferentiated cells are located within the sample and whether the population appears uniform or mixed. Comparing signals from Tra-1-81 and Tra-1-60 can add complementary evidence during cell characterization.
Flow cytometry measures antibody-associated signals across individual cells, allowing researchers to assess the proportion of a sample displaying Tra-1-81- or Tra-1-60-reactive epitopes. This supports population-level characterization rather than relying only on visual inspection. The measurements can help evaluate undifferentiated cell content and detect changes associated with reprogramming or differentiation.
During reprogramming, researchers can examine whether cells acquire the podocalyxin-associated forms detected by Tra-1-81 and Tra-1-60. Increasing detection of the corresponding epitopes supports characterization of cells that have gained features associated with an undifferentiated pluripotent state. Using the antibodies alongside cell-based measurements helps evaluate reprogramming outcomes and culture quality.
Researchers can measure Tra-1-81 and Tra-1-60 signals before and after differentiation to follow changes in the undifferentiated cell population. A typical decline in the recognized podocalyxin forms provides an indicator of progression toward specialized progeny. Applying both antibodies during characterization helps identify shifts in culture composition and supports quality-control decisions.