M1 M2 Discrimination
M1 M2 Discrimination - Related Videos
08:37
Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces
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Cited by 2 •
2024
Here, we present a detailed protocol for assessing the immunomodulatory potential of implant surfaces in vitro, aiming to improve the reliability and reproducibility of current protocols and promoting further research. Secretory cytokine profiles, mRNA expression, and cell surface markers were monitored using blood monocyte-derived macrophages to investigate macrophage polarization cultivated on titanium.
07:45
Metabolic Characterization of Polarized M1 and M2 Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Using Real-time Extracellular Flux Analysis
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Cited by 275 •
2015
Metabolic reprogramming is a characteristic and prerequisite for M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. This manuscript describes an assay for the measurement of fundamental parameters of glycolysis and mitochondrial function in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. This tool can be applied to investigate how particular factors affect the macrophage’s metabolism and phenotype.
10:43
Polarization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Cells and Analysis with Flow Cytometry upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
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Cited by 58 •
2020
This protocol provides a method to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human M1- or M2-polarized macrophages based on differentiation of peripheral-blood-monocytes to macrophage-like cells that are infected with the GFP-labeled virulent strain H37Rv, and analyzed with flow cytometry using a 10-color panel including expression of selected M1/M2 markers.
02:55
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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2020
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
06:41
Testing for Odor Discrimination and Habituation in Mice
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Cited by 66 •
2015
This manuscript describes a protocol to examine the olfactory system of rodents. The olfactory habituation/dishabituation test will allow investigators to determine whether a mouse habituates to a repeatedly presented odor and whether the mouse demonstrates dishabituation when presented a novel odor.
FAQs
The input signal establishes the activation program researchers expect to examine. Lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ provide microbial or inflammatory stimulation linked with M1-like responses, while interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 promote M2-like programs associated with regulation and repair. Comparing these conditions helps connect the initiating stimulus with differences in cytokine production, gene expression, and cellular function.
A single surface marker may not represent the full activation program. Researchers therefore combine surface-marker measurements with cytokine production, gene-expression profiles, and functional assays. This broader assessment links cellular identity with molecular activity and behavior, producing a more informative interpretation of whether macrophages are contributing to inflammation, host defense, immune regulation, or tissue repair.
Cytokine production reveals the inflammatory or regulatory outputs released by macrophages, whereas gene-expression profiles show which cellular programs are active. Functional assays add evidence about what those programs do. Considering these readouts together helps researchers interpret activation states in relation to inflammation, defense against infection, and tissue-repair processes rather than relying on one isolated measurement.
Researchers first expose macrophages to selected activating conditions, such as lipopolysaccharide with interferon-γ or interleukin-4 or interleukin-13. They then assess surface markers, cytokine production, gene-expression profiles, and functional behavior. Comparing the resulting profiles across conditions allows investigators to relate the initiating signal to macrophage activation and its potential biological consequences.
The framework is useful when investigators need to compare macrophage responses to pathogens or examine disease-associated inflammation. Measurements can show whether different experimental conditions are linked with inflammatory, host-defense, regulatory, or repair-associated outputs. This makes the approach relevant for organizing macrophage data across infection models and for interpreting how immune responses may influence disease processes.
Researchers can use the framework to examine whether changing macrophage activation programs is associated with altered inflammation, host defense, or tissue repair. By combining activation-state measurements with functional assays, they can evaluate biological consequences rather than only recording marker changes. These comparisons help investigate how modifying macrophage responses might affect therapeutic outcomes in immunology and infection research.