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Research Article
Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima1, Ana Cláudia Pavarina1, Cláudia Carolina Jordão1, Sâmmea Martins Vieira2, Lívia Nordi Dovigo2
1Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara,São Paulo State University (UNESP), 2Department of Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara,São Paulo State University (UNESP)
Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
Erratum Notice
Important: There has been an erratum issued for this article. View Erratum Notice
Retraction Notice
The article Assisted Selection of Biomarkers by Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) in Microbiome Data (10.3791/61715) has been retracted by the journal upon the authors' request due to a conflict regarding the data and methodology. View Retraction Notice
该方案描述了抗菌光动力疗法(aPDT)在口腔念珠菌病小鼠模型中的应用。使用姜黄素和蓝色LED灯的水溶性混合物进行aPDT。
抗菌光动力疗法 (aPDT) 已 在体外进行了广泛的研究,感染的临床前动物模型适用于在临床试验之前评估替代疗法。本研究描述了 aPDT 在口腔念珠菌病小鼠模型中的疗效。40只小鼠通过皮下注射泼尼松龙进行免疫抑制,并使用先前浸泡在 白色念珠菌 细胞悬浮液中的口腔拭子接种它们的舌头。在实验过程中 ,四 环素通过饮用水给药。真菌接种5天后,将小鼠随机分为8组;第九组未经治疗的未感染小鼠作为阴性对照(n = 5)。用蓝色LED灯(89.2 mW /cm 2;~455 nm)和无光(分别为C + + 和 C + L- 组)测试姜黄素混合物的三种浓度(20 μM、40 μM 和 80 μM)。仅光照 (C-L+)、不治疗 (C-L-) 和无感染动物被评估为对照。使用 Welch 方差分析和 Games-Howell 检验 (α = 0.05) 分析数据。口腔念珠菌病在所有受感染的动物中都已确定,并通过舌背上的特征性白斑或假膜在宏观上可视化。组织病理学切片证实,在C-L-组中,酵母和细丝的存在仅限于上皮的角化层,并且在从使用40μM或80μM姜黄素进行aPDT的小鼠获得的图像中,真菌细胞的存在在视觉上减少。与C-L-组相比,由80μM姜黄素介导的aPDT促进了2.47 log10 的菌落计数减少(p = 0.008)。所有其他组的菌落数量均无统计学意义减少,包括光敏剂(C+L-)或光敏(C-L+)组。姜黄素介导的aPDT减少了小鼠舌头的真菌负荷。
口腔念珠菌病(OC)是口腔的主要真菌感染;它是由 念珠菌 属的过度生长引起的。OC 的诱发因素包括内分泌功能障碍、使用广谱抗生素、放疗和化疗、营养缺乏、口干症(唾液流量低)、使用假牙、卫生条件差,尤其是免疫抑制1。在 念珠菌 物种中, 白色念珠菌 是最普遍和最致命的一种;它被发现为人体内的共生物种和机会性病原体。 白色念珠菌 有能力将其形态从共生酵母(胚孔)转变为致病丝(菌丝和假菌丝)2。丝状形式,尤其是菌丝,可以通过内吞作用或主动渗透侵入宿主上皮,引起感染3. 白色念珠 菌的其他毒力因子包括粘附、生物膜形成以及脂解和水解酶和毒素的分泌,例如脂肪酶、磷脂酶、蛋白酶和念珠菌溶血素4。
OC治疗包括使用抗真菌药物,特别是局部多烯和唑类(制霉菌素和咪康唑)5。然而,它们仅显示出短期疗效,并且复发频繁。此外,抗真菌药物的过度使用引发了抗真菌药物耐药性发展和传播的问题6。因此,需要替代疗法,例如抗菌光动力疗法 (aPDT),它在氧气存在下将光敏剂 (PS) 和适当波长(与 PS 吸收相同)的光结合在一起。PS与细胞结合或被细胞吸收,当被光激活时,会产生对致敏细胞有毒的活性氧(ROS)7。
在aPDT中,使用的光敏剂(PS)之一是姜黄素(CUR),这是一种从姜黄植物(Curcuma longa L.)的根茎中提取的天然化合物。姜黄素具有多种治疗特性,包括抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌和抗菌能力 8,9。先前的一项研究发现,利用 CUR 的 aPDT 有效地减少了口腔念珠菌病小鼠模型中的白色念珠菌,而不会对宿主的组织造成任何伤害10。CUR是从姜黄中提取的主要姜黄素,但其他多酚,如脱甲氧基姜黄素和双脱甲氧基姜黄素,也存在于这种植物中。姜黄素介导的 aPDT 对导管中生长的金黄色葡萄球菌的生物膜具有抗菌活性11。然而,据我们所知,其对白色念珠菌的抗真菌活性仍不清楚。因此,在这项研究中,我们评估了在 OC 小鼠模型中由姜黄素盐介导的针对白色念珠菌的 aPDT。
使用小鼠的研究方案已获得UNESP阿拉拉夸拉牙科学院的动物使用伦理委员会(案例编号05/2008和09/2020)的批准。 白色念珠菌 (ATCC 90028)作为参比菌株。本研究使用体重范围为 20-30 g 的六周龄雌性瑞士小鼠 (n = 45)。这些动物由圣保罗州立大学、UNESP、Botucatu提供。
1. PS的制备和aPDT光源的选择
2. 白色念珠菌 接种物的制备
3. 诱导小鼠OC
注:以下方法先前由Takakura等人13描述,并由我们的小组10,14复制,并进行了一些修改。
4. 抗菌光动力疗法和白色 念珠菌 从口腔病变中恢复
5. 组织病理学分析
OC的小鼠模型显示所有感染小鼠的舌头上有典型的白斑和假膜(图4A)。从C-L-动物中回收 的白色念珠菌 证实了该微生物的组织定植(值范围为1.62 x 104 至4.80 x 105 CFU/mL)。正如预期的那样,来自NCtr组的动物在取样后没有表现出任何组织改变或菌落生长(图4B)。
当在80μM下使用姜黄素进行光敏化时,aPDT降低了 白色念珠菌 的活力(图5)。与C-L-组相比,80μM PS介导的aPDT实现的平均log10 减少为2.47(p = 0.008)。
从小鼠舌头中回收的 白色念珠菌 菌落数在用姜黄素处理的小鼠中没有显着差异没有显着差异没有光照(C+L-组),用光处理但先前没有光敏的小鼠(C-L+组)和未处理的小鼠(C-L-组)(p ≥ 0.210)。
未感染动物舌头的组织学特征(NCtr)显示正常/健康组织,包括完整的固有层,基底膜和丝状(图6A)。相反,当检查C-L-组小鼠舌头的组织病理学图像时,很明显酵母和细丝存在于上皮的角质化层内,尽管没有真菌浸润。在下面的结缔组织中,观察到轻微的炎症反应,主要由单核细胞介导,丝状明显缺失(图6B)。C+L-和C-L+组小鼠舌头的组织学分析显示出相似的特征。相比之下,用80μM姜黄素介导的aPDT治疗的小鼠的舌头切片显示真菌细胞数量减少,主要局限于上皮的角质化层(图6C)。

图1:光敏剂的化学结构。 用作光敏剂的水溶性盐混合物的化学结构,包括53.4%的天然姜黄素和46.6%的其他姜黄素类化合物(去甲氧基姜黄素和双脱甲氧基姜黄素)。最终平均分子量为 730.32 g/mol。 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

图 2:口腔念珠菌病和 aPDT 小鼠模型的方案时间表。 概述口腔念珠菌病和抗菌光动力疗法 (aPDT) 小鼠模型方案的时间表。 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

图3:光敏后小鼠舌头的照明。光敏化后(用光敏剂孵育感染组织),使用蓝色(~455nm)LED灯以37.5 J /cm 2照射舌头。请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

图4:小鼠口腔念珠菌病模型中的白色病变。 (A)描述在口腔念珠菌病小鼠模型中观察到的白色病变的代表性图像。(B) 阴性(未感染)对照。 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

图5:从小鼠舌头中回收的 白色念珠菌 。 数据表示治疗组的平均值±log 10(CFU/mL)的标准差。Welch单因素方差分析表明,各组间治疗效果有统计学意义(p < 0.001)。根据 Games-Howell 检验 (p≤ 0.030),均值旁边的不同小写字母 (a、b、c) 表示具有统计学意义的差异。 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.

图6:小鼠舌头组织学切片的代表性图像。 用PAS-H染色小鼠舌头的组织学切片,并以200倍的速度捕获图像。 (A)无诱导口腔念珠菌病,光敏和照明的阴性对照小鼠(NCtr组)。(B)具有诱导的口腔念珠菌病的小鼠,既不光敏也不暴露于LED照明(C-L-组)。(C)诱导口腔念珠菌病的动物,暴露于80μM姜黄素类化合物和37.5J / cm2 LED照明(C + L + 80组)。比例尺 = 100 μm. 请点击这里查看此图的较大版本.
补充文件1:实验组。 本研究中使用的实验组列表。 请点击此处下载此文件。
C. albicans has been associated with oral and esophageal infections in individuals with an immunocompromised state, diabetes mellitus, prolonged use of antibiotics, and poor oral hygiene1,3. The study of human infectious diseases requires both in vitro and in vivo investigations before clinical trials can be safely and accurately designed. The present study describes a method for establishing a murine model of OC, which can be used to evaluate the pathogenesis of oral infections by C. albicans and the efficacy of antifungal approaches15,16,17,18,19.
The murine model of OC employed here was successfully established, as evidenced by the substantial fungal load recovery from lesions as well as by the characteristic infection features observed in the macroscopic and histopathological analyses of the tongues of infected mice. Many studies have used similar murine models of OC. In such models, female mice are immunosuppressed and inoculated with C. albicans, resulting in lesions on the tongue10,13,14,15,20,21. Immunosuppression with prednisolone, a glucocorticoid, inhibits the activity of neutrophils against C. albicans22. In this study, female mice were immunosuppressed with two subcutaneous injections of prednisolone, one day prior to and three days after infection with C. albicans13. In addition, the administration of tetracycline in drinking water during the course of the experiment caused oral dysbiosis by disturbing oral bacteria and helping C. albicans to thrive23,24. Furthermore, the sedation caused by the intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine chloride prevented the animals from drinking water and eating immediately after inoculation. Thus, fungal cells stayed in contact with the dorsum of the tongue for a longer time, enabling the development of germ tubes and the transition from yeasts to filaments (hyphae and pseudohyphae), which are the pathogenic morphologies of C. albicans that can invade the human epithelium. Teichert et al.25 used an immunodeficiency protocol to induce OC in mice and recovered only 2 x 102 CFU/mL of C. albicans.
While Totti et al.26 utilized sialoadenectomized mice and conducted four separate inoculations with a C. albicans suspension, it's noteworthy that, in their case, the infection was not sustained in most animals over the course of the experiment. In contrast, in the present study, the inoculation with fungal cells was carried out only once, and it resulted in the recovery of 104 CFU/mL of C. albicans from the oral cavity. This study employed the murine model of candidiasis described by Takakura et al.13, who performed oral inoculation with a clinical strain isolated from a patient with cutaneous candidiasis (106 CFU/mL). Three to seven days post-inoculation, 105-106 CFU/mL of C. albicans were recovered from the oral cavity of mice13. The differences between the method of Takakura et al.13 and this study include the use of different fungal concentrations in the inoculum (this study used 107 CFU/mL of C. albicans) and different C. albicans strains for oral inoculation (the reference strain ATCC 90028 was used here). Carmello et al.20 employed a similar protocol, which involved using immunosuppressed animals. However, they administered two additional subcutaneous injections of prednisolone to the animals on days 1, 5, 9, and 13 of the experiment. Their study revealed a positive correlation between the scores assigned to the oral lesions of the infected animals and the number of CFU/mL over a period ranging from 5 to 16 days post-infection. It has been well-established in previous research that it is crucial to closely monitor animals under anesthesia to prevent hypothermia. Additional maintenance doses of ketamine should be administered with discretion, only when necessary27.
Regarding the efficacy of aPDT application, the results showed that the irradiation of tongues previously treated with an 80 µM curcuminoid salt mixture caused a significant reduction (2.47 log10) in the viability of C. albicans. Histological analyses revealed that sections from tongues treated with 80 µM curcuminoid-mediated aPDT showed a reduced number of fungal cells, which were limited to the keratinized layer, and a low inflammatory response. It is worth emphasizing that an inflammatory response was detected in all mice that were infected with C. albicans. This observation implies that the inflammation observed in all the aPDT groups might be linked to Candida infection rather than being attributed to aPDT, a consistent finding in line with our prior investigations10,13,14,15.
Previous investigations used CUR, methylene blue, and photodithazine (PDZ) as PSs and obtained promising results10,20,24,25,27. In a similar study10, a combined exposure to CUR and LED light caused a significant reduction in the viability of C. albicans; however, the use of 80 µM CUR and light reduced fungal viability by 4.0 log10. Dovigo et al.10 used only CUR as PS, whereas we used a salt containing the three main curcuminoids from C. longa. When CUR (260 µM) and LED light were used for five consecutive days in the treatment of oral candidiasis in mice, the authors observed a reduction of 1.11 log10 in fungal viability21. When methylene blue was used as PS at 450 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, aPDT totally eradicated C. albicans from the oral cavity of mice25. Moreover, when aPDT was mediated by PDZ (100 mg/L), a 3.0 log10 reduction and complete remission of oral lesions were observed20. In addition, aPDT increased TNF-α expression in comparison with that in the untreated group20. In a study where a fluconazole-resistant strain was used, aPDT mediated by PDZ (200 mg/L) promoted a reduction equivalent to 1.3 log1027. Moreover, the combination of aPDT with nystatin resulted in a substantial reduction in fungal viability, amounting to a decrease of 2.6 log10, along with notable improvements in oral lesions and a reduction in the inflammatory response27. Collectively, these studies provide compelling evidence for the effectiveness of aPDT in reducing fungal burden within the murine model of oral candidiasis, underscoring its potential as a clinical treatment option due to its antimicrobial efficacy without causing harm to host tissues.
In conclusion, the murine model of OC used in this study is appropriate for mimicking infection and evaluating aPDT efficacy. As a limitation, the OC model used here employed only one reference strain of C. albicans (other strains, clinical isolates, and non-albicans Candida species were not evaluated). In addition, the corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression used in mice to develop oral infection may not mimic other immunodeficiency states, such as that due to HIV infection. There may also be differences in the host conditions for developing OC, such as the oral microbiota of mice and humans. This protocol should be expanded further to evaluate mixed biofilms formed by more than one species or by different strains from the same species. Furthermore, keeping mice adequately sedated and preventing hypothermia while avoiding anesthesia-related mortality are the most difficult steps of the protocol.
作者感谢FAPESP(圣保罗研究基金会,过程编号FAPESP #2013/07276-1(CePID CePOF)和2008/00601-6的财政支持。我们还要感谢 Ana Paula Silva 博士提供有关 CUR 基水溶性盐的信息。
| 白色念珠菌 | ATCC (美国马里兰州罗克维尔) | 90028 | 用于制备念珠菌接种 |
| 离心机 | Eppendorf 埃彭多夫 离心机 5804/5804R,B. Braun, Melsungen, Hesse, Germany | 022628146 (NA) | 用于制备念珠菌接种 |
| 氯丙嗪 2 mg/mL | 复方药房,Araraquara,SP,巴西 | - | 用于在念珠菌接种期间对动物进行镇静 |
| 姜黄素基水溶性盐 | PDTPharma,Cravinhos,巴西 | - | 由 53.4% 的天然姜黄素和 46.6% 的其他姜黄素类化合物(去甲氧基姜黄素和双去甲氧基姜黄素)组成。在水和 N-甲基 D-葡糖胺(最终平均分子量为 730.32 g.mol−1) |
| 数字菌落计数器 | CP 600 Plus, Phoenix Ind Com Equipamentos Científicos Ltda, Araraquara, SP, 巴西 | - | 用于对琼脂平板上的菌落进行计数 |
| 挤压小鼠食物 | Benelab 食品,Industry Qualy Animal Nutrition and Commerce Ltda.,Lindóia, São 巴西保罗州。 | 用于 | 小鼠的喂养 |
| 盐酸氯胺酮 10% | Ketamina Agener, União Quí云母 Farmacêutica Nacional S/A, Embu-Guaçu, SP, 巴西 | - | 用于治疗前对动物进行麻醉和安乐死 |
| 发光二极管手机(原型) | Instituto de Física de São 卡洛斯,圣阿蒂尔德大学;o 保罗,São Carlos, SP, 巴西 | - | 使用 LXHL-PR09 制造,Luxeon III 发射器,Lumileds Lighting,圣何塞,美国 |
| 醋酸甲泼尼龙 40 毫克 | DEPO-MEDROL,辉瑞,纽约 | - | 用作免疫抑制剂 |
| 徕卡切片机 | Microsystems, Bannockburn, IL, USA | SM2500 | 用于切割舌头的连续截面 |
| 丙烯盒(笼壳) H13 x L20 x D30 cm | Bonther Equipaments, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 巴西 | - | 用于在整个实验期间保持动物 |
| 沙氏葡萄糖琼脂与氯霉素 | HiMedia,印度孟买 | MM1067-500G | 酵母生长培养基(琼脂) |
| 分光光度计 | 分光光度计 Kasvi K37-VIS,São Josédos Pinhais, PR, 巴西 | K37-VIS | 用于标准化接种物浓度 |
| 盐酸四环素 | 复方药房,Araraquara,SP,巴西 | - | 给予抗生素以诱发口腔菌群失调 |
| 木屑 | J.R. 木屑,Comerce of Sawdust Ltda.,Conchal,São 巴西保罗州 | - | 用于房屋盒内的地板覆盖 |
| 物甲苯噻嗪2% | Calmiun,União Quí云母 Farmacêutica Nacional S/A, Embu-Guaçu, SP, 巴西 | - | 与氯胺酮联合用于麻醉 |
| 酵母氮气汤 | Difco, InterLab, 美国密歇根州底特律 | DF0919-07-3 | 酵母生长培养基(肉汤) |
| 酵母蛋白胨葡萄糖肉汤 | NutriSelect Basic,Sigma Aldrich | Y1375 | 用于将菌株维持在 -80°C 的培养基;C 和 grow |