Name: arm muscles and their movements
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.20

Muscles that Move the Arm

שרירי הזרוע מסווגים לשרירים ציריים וסקפולריים.
שני השרירים הציריים הם החזה מז'ור (pectoralis major) ולטיסמוס דורסי (latissimus dorsi).
לפקטורליס מז'ור יש ראשים קלאוויקולריים וסטרנוקוסטליים לכיפוף זרועות והארכה, בהתאמה. latissimus dorsi מושיט את הזרוע. גם החזה הגדול וגם latissimus dorsi משלבים את הזרוע ומסובבים אותה מדיאלית.
ישנם שבעה שרירי השכמה. 
הטרס מז'ור והלטיסמוס דורסי גורמים להארכת זרועות, אדדוקציה וסיבוב מדיאלי.
שרירי הדלטואיד מכסים ומעצבים את הכתף, ומאפשרים חטיפת זרוע, כיפוף, הארכה וסיבוב מדיאלי ולטרלי.
הסופרספינטוס באזור השכמה העליון מסייע לדלטואיד בחטיפת זרועות.
האינפרא ספינטוס על עצם השכמה האחורית גורם לסיבוב זרוע לרוחב.
 הטרס מינור גורם להארכה ולסיבוב זרוע לרוחב יחד עם אינפראספינטוס.
ה- subscapularis, הממוקם במשטח הקדמי של עצם השכמה, גורם לסיבוב הזרוע המדיאלית.
ה- supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor ו- subscapularis, יחד עם הגידים המתאימים להם, משתלבים ליצירת השרוול המסובב.
הקוראקוברכיאליס, שריר זרוע מוארך, מסייע בכיפוף הזרוע ובהדבקה.

שרירים שמניעים את הזרוע

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תשעה שרירים מעורבים בתנועת הזרוע. שניים מהם: שריר החזה הגדול -ושריר הגב הרחיב, מקורם מהשלד הצירי ונקרא שרירים ציריים. שבעת האחרים מקורם מעצם השכמה ונקראים שרירי השכמה.

שריר החזה הגדול כולל שני מקורות. ראש הבריח שלו מתחיל בחצי המדיאלי של עצם הבריח. לעומת זאת, ראש הסטרנוקוסטל מתחיל מסחוסי החוף של צלעות 1-6, עצם החזה, והאפונירוזיס של האלכסון החיצוני של דופן הבטן הקדמית. שני הראשים הללו מתמזגים ומתחברים לחריץ הבין-גבשושי של עצם הזרוע. ראש הבריח שלו מכופף את עצם הזרוע, והראש הסטרנוקוסטלי מושיט זרוע מכופפת בחזרה למצב האנטומי. כאשר הראשים פועלים יחד, הם מקרבים ומסובבים את עצם הזרוע כלפי פנים.

שריר הגב הרחב מתחיל מתהליכי עמוד השדרה של חוליות החזה T7 עד T12, פסגות הסוקרום והאיליום, וצלעות 9 עד 12. הוא מתחבר בקדמת החריץ הבין-גבשושי של עצם הזרוע. פועל עם שריר השכמה, העגול הגדול, הוא מאריך, מקרב ומסובב את עצם הזרוע כלפי פנים. המקור של שריר השכמה, העגול הגדול, נמצא בזווית התחתונה של עצם השכמה. הוא מתחבר לעצם הזרוע בשפה המדיאלית של החריץ הבין-גבשושי שלו. פעולותיו זהות לאלו של הגב הרחב.

שריר הדלתא של השכמה הוא השריר השטחי ביותר של מפרק הכתף ואחראי לצורתו המעוגלת. מקורם של הסיבים הקדמיים שלו מהצד הלטרלי של עצם הבריח - הסיבים הצדדיים מקורם מהאקרומיון של עצם השכמה, והסיבים האחוריים מקורם מהעמוד השדרה של עצם השכמה. כל הראשים מתמזגים ומתחברים לגבששת הדלתא של עצם הזרוע. בעוד שהסיבים הצדדיים מרחיקים את הזרוע, הסיבים הקדמיים מכופפים ומסובבים אותה כלפי פנים, והסיבים האחוריים מאריכים ומסובבים אותה כלפי חוץ.

שרירי השכמה - סופראספינטוס ,אינפראספינטוס, העגול הקטן, התת שכמי והגידים המתאימים להם, מתאחדים ליצירת השרוול המסובב. מקורו של שריר התת שכמי נעוץ על הפוסה הסופראספינטוס של עצם השכמה. לעומת זאת, השריר האינפראספינטוס מקורו בפוסה האינפראספינטוס שלו. שני השרירים הללו מתחברים לגבששת הגדולה יותר של עצם הזרוע, ומסייעים בהרחקת הזרוע וסיבוב לרוחב, בהתאמה.

שריר נוסף, השיר העגול הקטן, גם מתחבר לגבששת הגדולה יותר של עצם הזרוע, אך מקורו בזווית התחתונה של עצם השכמה. הוא פועל יחד עם שריר האינפראספינטוס כדי להסתובב לרוחב ולהאריך את הזרוע. מקור השריר התת-שכמה הוא בפוסה התת-שכמה של עצם השכמה. הוא מתחבר לגבששת הקטנה של עצם הזרוע ומסייע בסיבוב של הזרוע כלפי פנים. לבסוף, שריר השכמה האחרון המעורב בתנועות הזרוע הוא הקורקוברכיאליס. מקור השריר זה הוא בתהליך הקורקואיד של עצם השכמה, והחיבור הוא על פני השטח האמצעיים של הציר המדיאלי של עצם הזרוע. זה עוזר בכיפוף והקרבה של הזרוע.

שרירי השרוול המסובבים נוטים לפציעות, במיוחד אצל אנשים הפעילים בספורט. בשל מיקומו בין ראש עצם הזרוע לאקרומיון של עצם השכמה, שריר הסופרספינטוס חשוף במיוחד למתח ושינויים ניווניים.
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שרירי הזרוע מסווגים לשרירים ציריים וסקפולריים.
שני השרירים הציריים הם החזה מז'ור (pectoralis major) ולטיסמוס דורסי (latissimus dorsi).
לפקטורליס מייג'ור יש ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

אנטומיה ופיזיולוגיה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

The Muscular System

מערכת השרירים

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

arm muscles and their movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles.

The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the anterior abdominal wall. Both heads join and insert on the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The clavicular head flexes the humerus. The sternocostal head brings a flexed arm back to anatomical position. Working together, the heads adduct and medially rotate the humerus.

The latissimus dorsi starts on the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T7 to T12, the crests of the sacrum and ilium, and ribs 9 to 12. It inserts on the front of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The teres major works with it. Teres major begins at the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts on the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus. These two muscles extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus.

The deltoid is the most superficial muscle of the shoulder joint, and it gives the shoulder its rounded shape. Its anterior fibers begin on the lateral part of the clavicle. Its lateral fibers begin on the acromion of the scapula, and its posterior fibers begin on the spine of the scapula. All three parts merge and insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. The lateral fibers abduct the arm. The anterior fibers flex and medially rotate it. The posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate it.

The scapular muscles also include the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and their tendons. Supraspinatus starts in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It helps with arm abduction. Infraspinatus starts in the infraspinous fossa and also inserts on the greater tubercle. It helps with lateral rotation. Teres minor starts at the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts on the greater tubercle. It laterally rotates and extends the arm. Subscapularis starts in the subscapular fossa, inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus, and helps medially rotate the arm.

The last scapular muscle involved in arm movement is the coracobrachialis. It starts at the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the middle surface of the medial shaft of the humerus. It helps flex and adduct the arm. The rotator cuff muscles are often injured, especially in people who play sports. The supraspinatus is especially vulnerable because it sits between the head of the humerus and the acromion of the scapula, where strain and degenerative change can occur.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff, and coracobrachialis move the arm, with their key origins, insertions, and actions.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements | JoVE K12

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process through which bulk amounts of specific molecules can be imported into a cell after binding to cell ...

Pinocytosis

Cells use energy-requiring bulk transport mechanisms to transfer large particles, or large amounts of small particles, into or out of the cell. The cells ...

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (&#x201C;cellular ...

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.

While endocytosis takes particles ...

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport).

SC.912.L.14.2

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

SC.912.L.14.3

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern ...

Introduction to Light Microscopy

The light microscope is an instrument used by researchers in many different fields to magnify specimens to as much as a thousand times their original ...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can ...

phase-contrast-and-differential-interference-contrast-microscopy

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular ...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability ...

Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a very powerful analytical tool that combines the magnifying properties of light microscopy with visualization of fluorescence. ...

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread ...

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

comparing-mitochondrial-chloroplast-and-prokaryotic-genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

The &#8220;tree of life&#8221; describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis).

SC.912.L.14.5

An Overview of Genetics and Disease

Many human diseases are associated with mutations or variations in genetic sequences. Some of these genetic variants are heritable, passed down from ...

Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.

SC.912.L.14.6

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

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