Name: muscles that work together in movement
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:27.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Support And Motion

Muscular System

Muscle Coordination and Action

The skeletal muscles can coordinate, oppose, or assist each other to facilitate voluntary body movements.
Depending on their function, a muscle or group of muscles are termed agonists, antagonists, synergists, or fixators.
An agonist muscle produces an action at a joint. For example, during elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the agonist, pulling the radius towards the body.
In the same movement, the brachialis muscle acts as a synergist. It helps stabilize the elbow joint, allowing the biceps brachii to flex the arm efficiently.
The four rotator cuff muscles &#8212; the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor &#8212; stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid cavity. They act as fixators and stabilize the origins of the biceps brachii, the agonist during arm flexion.
Lastly, antagonists are functionally opposite to the agonist, usually located on opposite sides of the bone. They reverse the movements facilitated by agonists.
For example, while the triceps brachii acts as an antagonist to the biceps brachii during elbow flexion, their role reverses during elbow extension.&#160;

muscle coordination and action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement. For instance, during a bicep curl, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist, contracting to lift the forearm. Agonists are the focal point of any movement, creating the necessary force to change the position of bones and joints.
Antagonists
Antagonist muscles serve as the counterforce to agonists. While the agonist muscle contracts, the antagonist muscle relaxes and lengthens to provide balance and control. This relaxation is crucial for smooth motion and preventing injury. In the bicep curl example, the triceps brachii acts as the antagonist, elongating as the biceps contract. When the movement is reversed and the arm is extended, the roles switch: the triceps become the agonist and the biceps become the antagonist.
Synergists
Synergists aid an agonist by providing additional pull or stabilizing the agonist&#39;s origin, their importance varying throughout the movement. Synergists ensure that the motion is smooth and coordinated. For example, during a bicep curl, muscles like the brachialis and brachioradialis work synergistically, providing additional force and ensuring the elbow joint moves correctly.
Fixators
Fixators, or stabilizers, are muscles that hold a part of the body steady, providing a firm base for the agonist to act upon. These muscles might not be directly involved in the movement but are crucial for preventing unwanted motions and maintaining posture. In the bicep curl example, muscles in the shoulder and the upper back act as fixators, keeping the shoulder stable and allowing the biceps to perform the curl efficiently.

The skeletal muscles can coordinate, oppose, or assist each other to facilitate voluntary body movements.
Depending on their function, a muscle or group ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

The Muscular System

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

muscles that work together in movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed.

Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist because it contracts to lift the forearm.

An antagonist works against the agonist. As the agonist contracts, the antagonist relaxes and lengthens, which helps keep movement balanced and controlled. In a bicep curl, the triceps brachii is the antagonist. When the arm extends, the roles switch, and the triceps becomes the agonist while the biceps becomes the antagonist.

Synergists assist the agonist by adding pull or helping stabilize the agonist's origin. Their support can change during the movement, but it helps keep motion smooth and coordinated. In a bicep curl, the brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists and help the elbow joint move correctly.

Fixators, also called stabilizers, hold part of the body steady so the agonist has a firm base to work from. They are not the main movers, but they help prevent unwanted motion and support posture. During a bicep curl, muscles in the shoulder and upper back act as fixators and keep the shoulder stable while the biceps do the work.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator muscles coordinate movement, using the bicep curl as a clear high school example.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.4

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.17

SC.912.L.14.18

SC.912.L.14.20

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a ...

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the ...

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as ...

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the &#34;core&#34; of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and ...

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the ...

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous ...

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called ...

changes-in-skin-color-clinical-perspectives

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-hair-and-hair-follicles

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-hair-growth-and-types

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft ...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-sweat-glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-sebaceous-glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. ...

Sensory Functions of the Skin

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that ...

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because ...

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the ...

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. ...

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can ...

Integumentary System

Content elaboration: The integumentary system consists of skin and accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). The accessory structures can include sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, hair follicles and nails. Skin functions include protection, temperature regulation, excretion and sensory perception. These occur through the processes of perspiration, skin production and shedding, vitamin D synthesis and repair. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, burns, skin cancer, anhidrosis, acne, eczema or scleroderma. Investigations are used to understand and explain the integumentary system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Integumentary System

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components ...

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical ...

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four ...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ...

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone&#39;s overall function.
Compact ...

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long ...

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into ...

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small ...

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt ...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical ...

bone-formation-by-intramembranous-ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

bone-formation-by-endochondral-ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient&#39;s age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are ...

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at ...

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, ...

role-of-vitamins-in-maintaining-bone-health

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin ...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is ...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone ...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions&#8212;the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central ...

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the ...

cranial-bones-superior-and-posterior-view

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior ...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The ...

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these ...

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not ...

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two ...

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and&#160; allows for their movements. It also protects the ...

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. ...

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body&#39;s thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, ...

Skeletal System

Content elaboration: The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. Bones make up most of the skeleton. There are four main cell types that compose bone tissue, each with a specific function: osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The microscopic anatomy of compact bone includes osteons. Bones are classified by their shape. The structure of a typical long bone can be explored. Specific bones of the skeleton can be studied by their subdivisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Cartilage is found in areas of the nose, ears, ribs and joints. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. The general structure of synovial joints may be explored. Ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints. The skeletal system provides support for the human body, protects soft organs, allows for movement due to attachment of muscles, stores minerals and fat and forms blood cells. Processes of the skeletal system include hematopoiesis, ossification and bone growth and remodeling. A comparison of male to female, juvenile to adult or human to other vertebrate skeletons may be explored. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, malnutrition, fractures, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and arthritis. Investigations are used to understand and explain the skeletal system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Skeletal System

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards