Receptor Regulation
Receptor Regulation - Related Videos
10:36
Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
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Cited by 5 •
2016
Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.
16:24
Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2014
Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.
09:04
Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
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Cited by 39 •
2010
The sialidase assay is a simple technical approach that will elucidate novel molecular mechanism(s) of TLR sensors of microbial infections and involvement in inflammatory diseases at the receptor level on the cell surface of live macrophages.
02:14
GTPases and their Regulation
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2020
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒ small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins. Large G-proteins, also known...
01:46
Epigenetic Regulation
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2019
Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer. In most mammals, females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have an X and a Y chromosome (XY). The X chromosome contains significantly more genes than the Y chromosome. Therefore, to prevent an excess of X chromosome-linked gene expression in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly silenced during early development.
FAQs
Different regulatory steps shape signaling in distinct ways. Phosphorylation can change receptor activity, while internalization changes whether receptors remain available for signaling. Recycling can restore receptor availability, whereas degradation can produce a longer-lasting reduction. Considering these mechanisms separately helps explain why a cell may retain receptors but respond less strongly, or respond less because fewer receptors are available.
Prolonged exposure can reduce receptor sensitivity through several regulatory changes rather than through ligand binding alone. The cell may alter receptor activity, internalize receptors, or promote their degradation, reducing the response to continued stimulation. This desensitization allows signaling pathways to adapt to persistent conditions and helps explain why an initially strong response may become weaker over time.
When stimulation decreases, cells may adjust receptor regulation in the opposite direction from prolonged exposure. Increased receptor availability can make the cell more responsive to signals that return later. This contrast with desensitization illustrates how receptor number and responsiveness are not fixed properties, but can change according to the signaling conditions experienced by the cell.
Drug tolerance can arise when continued exposure changes receptor activity, sensitivity, or availability. If receptors become less responsive, are removed from signaling locations, or are degraded, the same drug exposure may produce a smaller cellular effect. Receptor regulation therefore provides a biological explanation for changing drug responses and helps pharmacology assess how prolonged treatment can alter signaling.
Abnormal control of receptor number, activity, or responsiveness can alter how cells interpret hormones and other signals. Excessive reduction in receptor sensitivity could weaken signaling, whereas increased receptor availability could enhance responses to stimulation. Examining these regulatory changes helps connect cellular signaling behavior with disease mechanisms and identifies processes that may be relevant to treatment development.
Receptor regulation identifies several points where signaling can be modified, including receptor activity, ligand interaction, internalization, recycling, and degradation. Treatments can therefore be designed to influence selected aspects of a pathway rather than treating signaling as fixed. This approach is relevant when the goal is to adjust cellular responses while accounting for adaptation caused by changing stimulation.