Name: abdominal wall muscles and support
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.20

Muscles of the Abdomen

La parete intorno alla cavità addominale può essere divisa in regioni anterolaterali e posteriori.
Le pareti della regione anterolaterale comprendono cinque muscoli accoppiati. Sono classificati nei gruppi laterale e anteriore.
Partendo dalla superficie e andando verso l'interno, il gruppo laterale ha tre muscoli piatti: l'obliquo esterno, l'obliquo interno e il trasverso dell'addome.
I muscoli obliqui interni corrono perpendicolarmente sotto i muscoli obliqui esterni superficiali, mentre il muscolo trasverso dell'addome corre principalmente trasversalmente attorno alla parete addominale.
Le aponeurosi di questi muscoli si intrecciano, formando la linea alba, una fascia verticale di tessuto connettivo fibroso che va dallo sterno alla sinfisi pubica.
I muscoli anteriori - il retto dell'addome e la piramide - sono posizionati bilateralmente rispetto alla linea alba.
La parete addominale posteriore si trova tra le ultime vertebre toraciche e lombari. I suoi muscoli accoppiati includono il quadrato dei lombi, lo psoas maggiore e l'iliaco.
Mentre i muscoli psoas maggiore e iliaco si estendono fino agli arti inferiori, il muscolo quadrato dei lombi si estende dalla cresta iliaca all'ultima costola.

muscoli dell'addome

La parete addominale circonda la cavità addominale, fornendo una protezione flessibile e proteggendo gli organi interni dai danni. È delimitato superiormente dal processo xifoideo e dai margini costali, posteriormente dalla colonna vertebrale e inferiormente dalle ossa pelviche e dal legamento inguinale. La parete addominale è divisa in due regioni: la regione anterolaterale e quella posteriore.

Regione anterolaterale

La regione anterolaterale comprende cinque muscoli accoppiati classificati nei gruppi laterale e anteriore. Il gruppo laterale è costituito da tre muscoli piatti: l'obliquo esterno, l'obliquo interno e il trasverso dell'addome. I muscoli obliqui interni corrono perpendicolari ai muscoli obliqui esterni superficiali, mentre il muscolo trasverso dell'addome corre principalmente trasversalmente attorno alla parete addominale. Le aponeurosi di questi muscoli si intrecciano e formano la linea alba, una fascia fibrosa di tessuto connettivo che corre verticalmente dal processo xifoideo dello sterno alla sinfisi pubica.

I muscoli anteriori, in particolare il retto dell'addome e il piramidale, sono posizionati bilateralmente rispetto alla linea alba. Il lungo e piatto muscolo retto dell'addome si estende dallo sterno e dalle costole fino all'osso pubico. Appena sotto la porzione inferiore del retto dell'addome si trova il piramidale, un muscolo piccolo e spesso variabile che non tutti hanno. Quando presente, si trova davanti al retto dell'addome e si attacca all'osso pubico e alla linea alba.

Regione posteriore

La parete addominale posteriore si trova tra le ultime vertebre toraciche e lombari ed è costituita da muscoli accoppiati, tra cui il quadrato dei lombi, lo psoas maggiore, lo psoas minore e l'iliaco. Il quadrato dei lombi si trova in profondità nella parte bassa della schiena su entrambi i lati della colonna lombare. È un muscolo stabilizzatore chiave che si estende dalla cresta iliaca alle costole inferiori e alle vertebre lombari, aiutando a mantenere la postura eretta. Il grande psoas è un muscolo fusiforme che va dai lati delle vertebre lombari al piccolo trocantere del femore. Funziona a stretto contatto con l'iliaco, un muscolo a forma di ventaglio che si fonde con il grande psoas per formare il muscolo ileopsoas. Infine, il piccolo psoas, presente solo in circa la metà della popolazione, corre parallelo al grande psoas ma è un muscolo molto più piccolo e sottile. Quando presente, aiuta a flettere il bacino e la colonna vertebrale.

Muscoli dell'addome

La parete intorno alla cavità addominale può essere divisa in regioni anterolaterali e posteriori.
Le pareti della regione anterolaterale comprendono cinque coppie ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia e Fisiologia

Unit 1

Unità 1

The Muscular System

Il sistema muscolare

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

abdominal wall muscles and support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region.

The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. The internal oblique runs perpendicular to the more superficial external oblique, and the transversus abdominis wraps mainly across the abdominal wall.

The aponeuroses, or flat tendon-like sheets, of these muscles join together to form the linea alba. This is a vertical band of connective tissue that extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis. The anterior muscles are the rectus abdominis and the pyramidalis. They lie on either side of the linea alba.

The rectus abdominis is a long, flat muscle that extends from the sternum and ribs to the pubic bone. Beneath its lower part lies the pyramidalis. This small muscle is variable, so it is not present in everyone. When it is present, it sits in front of the rectus abdominis and attaches to the pubic bone and linea alba.

The posterior abdominal wall lies between the last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. It includes the quadratus lumborum, psoas major, psoas minor, and iliacus muscles. The quadratus lumborum is deep in the lower back on both sides of the lumbar spine and helps stabilize posture. It extends from the iliac crest to the lower ribs and lumbar vertebrae.

The psoas major is a fusiform, or spindle-shaped, muscle that runs from the sides of the lumbar vertebrae to the lesser trochanter of the femur. It works with the iliacus, a fan-shaped muscle, and together they form the iliopsoas muscle. The psoas minor runs parallel to the psoas major, but it is smaller and thinner. It is present in only about half of the population and, when present, helps flex the pelvis and spine.

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the abdominal wall protects organs and how the external oblique, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum, and psoas muscles support movement and posture.

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support | JoVE K12

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Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

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