Trigonal Pyramidal
Trigonal Pyramidal - Related Videos
02:08
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09:40
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Cited by 14 •
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We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.
13:44
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The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.
04:01
VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs
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2020
Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry It is important to note that electron-pair geometry around a central atom is not the same thing as its molecular structure. Molecular structure describes the location of the atoms, not the electrons. The geometry that includes all electron pairs is the electron-pair geometry. The electron-pair geometries describe all regions where electrons are located, bonds as well as lone pairs. The structure that includes only the placement of the...
08:04
Identification and Classification of Position-specific GABAA Receptor Subunit Missense Variants for Their Role In Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons
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2025
This study introduces a multiscale framework, spanning from DNA to protein function and neural behavior. It presents a novel approach for investigating predicted pathogenic mutations in the GABAA receptor subunit, hypothesizing that epileptogenic mutations and proximal mutations, predicted as pathogenic, may produce similar effects on the CA1 pyramidal neuron model.
FAQs
The bond angles are compressed because the lone pair occupies an electron domain and repels the three bonding pairs more strongly than bonding pairs repel one another. Although the four domains retain an approximately tetrahedral arrangement, this unequal repulsion pushes the bonded atoms closer together. In ammonia, the resulting angle is often described as about 107°.
The electron-domain arrangement includes both bonding pairs and the lone pair, so it is approximately tetrahedral. Molecular geometry, by contrast, describes the positions of the bonded atoms and does not treat the lone pair as an atom in the visible framework. This distinction allows a Lewis formula to predict the three-dimensional molecular shape rather than only the number of bonds.
Because the bonded atoms occupy a three-dimensional arrangement around the central atom while the lone pair remains part of the electron-domain pattern, the charge distribution is not represented as a flat, symmetric triangle. This spatial asymmetry helps explain why ammonia is molecularly polar, linking geometry to its intermolecular interactions.
Recognizing the lone pair is important because it changes the arrangement from a simple three-bond pattern and alters the bond angles. That three-dimensional structure supplies information used to interpret molecular behavior, including spectroscopy and chemical reactivity. Thus, geometry is not merely a drawing convention; it connects electron-domain arrangement with observable chemical properties.
Start with the Lewis formula and identify the central atom, the three bonded atoms, and the lone pair on the central atom. Count these as four electron domains, then use their approximately tetrahedral arrangement to infer the molecular shape. Finally, account for stronger lone-pair repulsion when estimating compressed bond angles.
When describing a molecule with this geometry, distinguish the electron-domain arrangement from the molecular geometry, note the presence of the central-atom lone pair, and indicate that bond angles are compressed relative to an ideal tetrahedral relationship. Including these features communicates both the structural model and the reason it can help explain polarity and other molecular behavior.