Name: muscles that work together in movement
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:27.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Support And Motion

Muscular System

Muscle Coordination and Action

骨格筋は、自発的な体の動きを促進するために、互いに調整、対抗、または支援することができます。
その機能に応じて、筋肉または筋肉のグループは、アゴニスト、アンタゴニスト、シナシスト、または固定器と呼ばれます。
アゴニスト筋は、関節で作用を生み出します。たとえば、肘の屈曲中、上腕二頭筋がアゴニストであり、半径を体に向かって引っ張ります。
同じ動きで、上腕筋は相乗剤として機能します。肘関節を安定させ、上腕二頭筋が腕を効率的に曲げることができます。
肩甲下筋、棘上筋、棘下筋、小腱板の4つの回旋筋は、関節窩内の上腕骨頭を安定させます。それらは固定具として機能し、腕の屈曲中のアゴニストである上腕二頭筋の起始を安定させます。
最後に、アンタゴニストは機能的にアゴニストとは反対であり、通常は骨の反対側に位置しています。彼らはアゴニストによって促進された動きを逆転させます。
たとえば、上腕三頭筋は肘の屈曲時に上腕二頭筋に拮抗薬として機能しますが、肘の伸展時にはその役割が逆転します。

筋肉の調整と動作

筋肉の協調は、屈曲、拡張、状況、外転、回転などの滑らかで目的のある動きに不可欠な複雑で細かく調整されたプロセスです。 人間の体は、それぞれ特定の役割を持つさまざまな筋肉の動作を調整し、協調して機能します。 筋肉がどのように連携するかを 4 つの機能タイプ (主動筋、拮抗筋、相乗筋、固定筋) で説明します。

主動筋

主動筋は原動機とも呼ばれ、特定の動きを生み出す主な筋肉です。 たとえば、上腕二頭筋カール中、上腕二頭筋は主動筋として機能し、前腕を持ち上げるために収縮します。 アゴニストはあらゆる動きの中心であり、骨や関節の位置を変えるために必要な力を生み出します。

拮抗筋

拮抗筋は主動筋に対する対抗力として機能します。 主動筋が収縮する一方で、拮抗筋は弛緩して伸びてバランスと制御を提供します。 この弛緩は、スムーズな動きと怪我の予防にとって非常に重要です。 上腕二頭筋カールの例では、上腕三頭筋が拮抗作用を持ち、上腕二頭筋が収縮するにつれて伸びます。 動きが逆になり、腕が伸びると、役割が切り替わります。上腕三頭筋が主動筋となり、上腕二頭筋が拮抗筋となります。

相乗筋

シナジストは、追加の牽引力を提供したり、アゴニストの起源を安定させたりすることによってアゴニストを助けますが、その重要性は動きを通して変化します。 シナジストは、動きがスムーズで調整されていることを保証します。 たとえば、上腕二頭筋のカール中に、BrachialisやBrachioradialisのような筋肉は相乗的に働き、追加の力を提供し、肘関節が正しく動くようにします。

固定筋

固定筋、またはスタビライザーは、体の一部を安定して保持する筋肉であり、主動筋が作用するためのしっかりした基盤を提供します。 これらの筋肉は動きに直接関与していない可能性がありますが、不要な動きを防ぎ、姿勢を維持するために重要です。 上腕二頭筋のカールの例では、肩や背中の筋肉が固定筋として働き、肩を安定させることで、上腕二頭筋が効率的にカールを行えるようにします。

骨格筋は、自発的な体の動きを促進するために、互いに調整、対抗、または支援することができます。
それらの機能に応じて、筋肉またはグループ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

解剖生理学

Unit 1

ユニット1

The Muscular System

筋系

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

muscles that work together in movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed.

Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist because it contracts to lift the forearm.

An antagonist works against the agonist. As the agonist contracts, the antagonist relaxes and lengthens, which helps keep movement balanced and controlled. In a bicep curl, the triceps brachii is the antagonist. When the arm extends, the roles switch, and the triceps becomes the agonist while the biceps becomes the antagonist.

Synergists assist the agonist by adding pull or helping stabilize the agonist's origin. Their support can change during the movement, but it helps keep motion smooth and coordinated. In a bicep curl, the brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists and help the elbow joint move correctly.

Fixators, also called stabilizers, hold part of the body steady so the agonist has a firm base to work from. They are not the main movers, but they help prevent unwanted motion and support posture. During a bicep curl, muscles in the shoulder and upper back act as fixators and keep the shoulder stable while the biceps do the work.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator muscles coordinate movement, using the bicep curl as a clear high school example.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core 解剖学と生理学では、人体の解剖学的および生理学的な詳細を、包括的で明確で魅力的なビデオ アニメーションで紹介します。このレッスン集は、人体の構造、コンポーネント、機能、要件に焦点を当てています。この知識を実際の医療および研究現場で応用することを実証する科学者による実際のビデオによって補完されています。

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.4

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.17

SC.912.L.14.18

SC.912.L.14.20

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Skeletal System

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

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