Name: muscles that work together in movement
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:27.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Support And Motion

Muscular System

Muscle Coordination and Action

골격근은 자발적인 신체 움직임을 촉진하기 위해 서로 조정하거나, 대립하거나, 보조할 수 있습니다.
기능에 따라 근육 또는 근육 그룹을 작용제, 길항제, 시너지 효과 또는 고정제라고 합니다.
작용근은 관절에서 작용을 일으킵니다. 예를 들어, 팔꿈치 굴곡 동안 상완 이두박근은 요골을 몸 쪽으로 당기는 작용제입니다.
같은 동작에서 상완근은 시너지 작용 작용을 합니다. 팔꿈치 관절을 안정시키는 데 도움이 되어 상완 이두근이 팔을 효율적으로 구부릴 수 있습니다.
4개의 회전근개 근육(subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus 및 teres minor)은 글레노이드 공동(glenoid cavity)에서 상완골두를 안정화합니다. 그들은 고정자 역할을 하고 팔 굴곡 중 작용제인 상완 이두박근의 기원을 안정화합니다.
마지막으로, 길항제는 작용제와 기능적으로 반대편에 있으며 일반적으로 뼈의 반대쪽에 있습니다. 그들은 작용제에 의해 촉진된 움직임을 역전시킵니다.
예를 들어, 상완삼두근은 팔꿈치 굴곡 동안 상완 이두근에 길항제 역할을 하는 반면, 팔꿈치 확장 중에는 그 역할이 역전됩니다.

근육 조정 및 활동

근육 조정은 굴곡, 신전, 내전, 외전 및 회전과 같은 부드럽고 의도적인 움직임에 필수적인 복잡하고 정밀하게 조정된 과정입니다. 인체는 각각 특정 역할을 수행하는 다양한 근육의 활동을 조화롭게 조정합니다. 아래 네 가지 기능 유형은 근육이 함께 작동하는 방식을 설명합니다: 주동근, 길항근, 시너지근, 고정근.

주동근

주동근이라고도 불리는 이 근육은 특정 움직임을 생성하는 주요 근육입니다. 예를 들어, 이두박근 컬 동안 상완이두근은 주동근 역할을 하여 팔뚝을 들어올리기 위해 수축합니다. 주동근은 뼈와 관절의 위치를 바꾸는 데 필요한 힘을 생성하는 모든 움직임의 중심힘입니다.

길항제

길항근은 주동근에 대항하는 힘의 역할을 합니다. 주동근이 수축하는 동안 길항근은 균형과 조절을 제공하기 위해 이완되고 길어집니다. 이러한 이완은 부드러운 움직임과 부상 예방에 중요합니다. 이두근 컬의 예에서 상완 삼두근은 길항근 역할을 하며 이두근이 수축함에 따라 늘어납니다. 움직임이 바뀌고 팔이 확장되면 역할이 바뀌게 됩니다. 삼두근은 주동근이 되고 이두근은 길항근이 됩니다.

시너지 효과

시너지제는 추가 당김을 제공하거나 작용제의 근원을 안정화함으로써 작용제를 돕습니다. 그 중요성은 움직임 전체에 걸쳐 다양합니다. 시너지 효과는 동작이 부드럽고 조화롭게 이루어지도록 보장합니다. 예를 들어, 이두박근 컬 동안 상완근 및 상완요골근과 같은 근육이 시너지 효과를 발휘하여 추가적인 힘을 제공하고 팔꿈치 관절이 올바르게 움직일 수 있도록 합니다.

고정 장치

고정근 또는 안정근은 신체의 일부를 안정적으로 유지하여 주동근이 작용할 수 있는 견고한 기반을 제공하는 근육입니다. 이 근육은 움직임에 직접적으로 관여하지는 않지만 원치 않는 움직임을 방지하고 자세를 유지하는 데 중요합니다. 바이셉 컬의 경우, 어깨와 등 상부의 근육은 고정 장치 역할을 하여 어깨를 안정적으로 유지하고 이두근이 컬을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있도록 합니다.

골격근은 자발적인 신체 움직임을 촉진하기 위해 서로 조정하거나, 대립하거나, 보조할 수 있습니다.
그들의 기능에 따라, 근육 또는 그룹 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

The Muscular System

근육계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

muscles that work together in movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed.

Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist because it contracts to lift the forearm.

An antagonist works against the agonist. As the agonist contracts, the antagonist relaxes and lengthens, which helps keep movement balanced and controlled. In a bicep curl, the triceps brachii is the antagonist. When the arm extends, the roles switch, and the triceps becomes the agonist while the biceps becomes the antagonist.

Synergists assist the agonist by adding pull or helping stabilize the agonist's origin. Their support can change during the movement, but it helps keep motion smooth and coordinated. In a bicep curl, the brachialis and brachioradialis act as synergists and help the elbow joint move correctly.

Fixators, also called stabilizers, hold part of the body steady so the agonist has a firm base to work from. They are not the main movers, but they help prevent unwanted motion and support posture. During a bicep curl, muscles in the shoulder and upper back act as fixators and keep the shoulder stable while the biceps do the work.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator muscles coordinate movement, using the bicep curl as a clear high school example.

Muscles That Work Together in Movement | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.4

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.17

SC.912.L.14.18

SC.912.L.14.20

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Integumentary System

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two ...

Skeletal System

Content elaboration: The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments. Bones make up most of the skeleton. There are four main cell types that compose bone tissue, each with a specific function: osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The microscopic anatomy of compact bone includes osteons. Bones are classified by their shape. The structure of a typical long bone can be explored. Specific bones of the skeleton can be studied by their subdivisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Cartilage is found in areas of the nose, ears, ribs and joints. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. The general structure of synovial joints may be explored. Ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints. The skeletal system provides support for the human body, protects soft organs, allows for movement due to attachment of muscles, stores minerals and fat and forms blood cells. Processes of the skeletal system include hematopoiesis, ossification and bone growth and remodeling. A comparison of male to female, juvenile to adult or human to other vertebrate skeletons may be explored. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, malnutrition, fractures, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and arthritis. Investigations are used to understand and explain the skeletal system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Skeletal System

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

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