Name: pelvic floor muscles and continence
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:06:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.20

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

골반 횡격막(pelvic diaphragm)은 복부 골반강(abdominopelvic cavity)의 아래쪽 가장자리를 표시합니다. 그것은 쌍을 이루는 levator ani와 coccygeus muscles에 의해 형성되며, 실제 골반의 내벽에 부착됩니다.
골반 횡격막은 남녀 모두 항문관과 요도에 의해 관통되지만 여성은 질을 추가 개구부로 가지고 있습니다.
거근 ani는 골반 기저근의 가장 큰 세 부분으로 구성된 근육으로, 치골 근육, 치골 직장근 및 장골 근육으로 구성됩니다.
주로 방광과 같은 골반 기관을 지지하며 항문직장 접합부, 요도 및 질에서 괄약근 역할을 합니다.
골반 횡격막 아래에는 회음부라고 하는 다이아몬드 모양의 영역이 있습니다.
그것은 외부 생식기를 수용하는 전방 비뇨 생식기 삼각형과 항문을 포함하는 후방 항문 삼각형으로 나뉩니다.
비뇨생식기 삼각형은 외부 생식기의 표재성 횡방향 회음부근(superficial transverse perineal), 구근(bulbospongiosus) 및 ischiocavernosus 근육을 포함합니다.
항문 삼각형은 외부 항문 괄약근으로 둘러싸인 항문관을 가지고 있습니다. 다른 두드러진 근육으로는 obturator internus와 levator ani의 하부 영역이 있습니다.

골반저 근육과 회음부 근육

골반기저부와 회음부의 근육은 골반 장기를 지지하고, 자제력을 조절하며, 성기능, 출산, 코어 안정성을 돕는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다. 이는 일반적으로 표면 회음층과 깊은 골반저층으로 구분됩니다.

회음층

회음부는 골반 횡격막 아래의 다이아몬드 모양의 영역으로, 외부 생식기를 포함하는 전방 비뇨생식삼각형과 항문을 포함하는 후방 항문삼각형으로 나뉩니다. 비뇨생식삼각형은 표면횡회음근, 구해면체근, 좌골해면체근으로 구성됩니다. 구해면체근은 질이나 음경 부위를 둘러싸고 있어 성기능과 지원을 돕습니다. 좌골해면체근은 발기 조직의 유출 정맥을 압박하여 남성과 여성 모두의 발기를 유지하는 데 도움을 줍니다. 또한 표면의 횡회음근은 골반 장기를 지지하고 자제력을 유지하는 데 도움을 줍니다.

반대로, 후방 항문삼각에는 항문이 포함되어 있으며 배변에 대한 자발적인 조절에 필수적인 외부 항문 괄약근이 있는 것이 특징입니다. 이 부위를 둘러싸고 있는 것은 골반 장기를 지지하고 허벅지의 측면 회전을 돕는 내부 폐쇄근과 골반 횡격막 위의 항문 거근의 하부 부분과 같은 중요한 근육으로 골반 바닥에 추가적인 지지와 안정성을 제공합니다.

골반

골반기저 내 더 깊은 곳에는 골반 장기를 지지하는 슬링이나 해먹 같은 구조를 형성하는 근육 그룹이 있습니다. 이 층의 중요한 구성 요소인 항문거근에는 치골미골근, 치골직장근, 장골미골근과 같은 근육이 포함됩니다. 이 근육은 골반 장기를 지지하고, 자제력을 유지하며, 필요에 따라 스트레칭과 확장을 통해 출산을 촉진하는 데 중요합니다. 좌골 척추에서 천골과 미골의 하단까지 이어지는 미골근은 추가적인 지지력과 안정성을 제공하여 항문거근을 보완합니다.

골반 횡격막(pelvic diaphragm)은 복부 골반강(abdominopelvic cavity)의 아래쪽 가장자리를 표시합니다. 그것은 한 쌍의 levator ani와 coccygeus muscle에 의해 형성되며, 이는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

The Muscular System

근육계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

pelvic floor muscles and continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer.

The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus muscles.

The bulbospongiosus muscle surrounds the vaginal or penile area and helps with sexual function and support. The ischiocavernosus muscle helps maintain an erection in both males and females by compressing the outflow veins of the erectile tissues. The superficial transverse perineal muscles also support the pelvic organs and help maintain continence.

The posterior anal triangle contains the anus and the external anal sphincter. The external anal sphincter gives voluntary control over defecation. Nearby muscles such as the obturator internus help support the pelvic organs and also aid lateral rotation of the thigh. The inferior part of the levator ani adds more support and stability to the pelvic floor.

Deeper in the pelvic floor, the muscles form a sling-like or hammock-like structure that supports the pelvic organs. The levator ani includes the pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus muscles. These muscles support the pelvic organs, help maintain continence, and stretch during childbirth. The coccygeus muscle runs from the ischial spine to the lower end of the sacrum and coccyx. It works with the levator ani to provide additional support and stability.

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs, aid continence, and help with childbirth, sexual function, and stability.

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence | JoVE K12

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Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

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