Name: arm muscles and their movements
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.20

Muscles that Move the Arm

팔 근육은 축 근육과 견갑골 근육으로 분류됩니다.
두 개의 축 근육은 대흉근(pectoralis major)과 광배근(latissimus dorsi)입니다.
pectoralis major는 각각 팔 굴곡과 신전을 위한 쇄골 머리와 흉골 머리를 가지고 있습니다. latissimus dorsi는 팔을 뻗습니다. 대흉근(pectoralis major)과 광배근(latissimus dorsi)은 모두 팔을 내전하고 내측으로 회전시킵니다.
견갑골 근육에는 7개의 근육이 있습니다. 
대외피(teres major)와 광배근(latissimus dorsi)은 팔 확장, 내전, 내측 회전을 일으킵니다.
삼각근은 어깨를 덮고 모양을 형성하여 팔 외전, 굴곡, 신전, 내측 및 측면 회전을 가능하게 합니다.
상견갑골 부위의 supraspinatus는 팔 외전에서 삼각근을 돕습니다.
견갑골 후방의 하부(infraspinatus)는 외측 팔 회전을 유발합니다.
 경미한 teres minor는 infraspinatus와 함께 신전 및 측면 팔 회전을 유발합니다.
견갑골의 앞쪽 표면에 위치한 견갑하근은 내측 팔 회전을 일으킵니다.
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor 및 subscapularis는 해당 힘줄과 함께 결합하여 회전근개를 만듭니다.
길쭉한 팔 근육인 coracobrachialis는 팔 굴곡과 내전을 돕습니다.

팔을 움직이는 근육

팔의 움직임에는 9개의 근육이 관여합니다. 이들 중 두 개, 대흉근과 광배근은 축 골격에서 유래하며 축 근육이라고 합니다. 나머지 7개는 견갑골에서 유래하며 견갑골 근육이라고 합니다. 

대흉근에는 두 가지 기원이 있습니다. 쇄골두는 쇄골의 내측 절반에서 시작됩니다. 대조적으로 흉늑골두는 1~6번 갈비뼈의 늑연골, 흉골, 전복벽 외복사근의 건막에서 유래합니다. 이 두 머리는 합쳐져 상완골의 결절간 고랑에 삽입됩니다. 쇄골두는 상완골을 굴곡시키고, 흉늑골두는 굴곡된 팔을 다시 해부학적 위치로 뻗습니다. 머리가 함께 작동하면 상완골이 내전되고 내측으로 회전됩니다. 

광배근은 흉추 T7~T12, 천추 및 장골 능선, 갈비뼈 9~12의 극돌기에서 유래합니다. 이는 상완골의 결절간고랑 앞쪽에 삽입됩니다. 견갑골 근육인 대원근과 함께 작용하여 상완골을 확장, 내전 및 내회전시킵니다. 견갑골 근육(원근)의 기원은 견갑골의 아래쪽 각도에 있습니다. 이는 결절간 고랑의 내측 입술에 있는 상완골에 삽입됩니다. 그 활동은 광배근의 활동과 동일합니다. 

견갑골 삼각근은 어깨 관절의 가장 표면에 있는 근육이며 둥근 모양을 담당합니다. 앞쪽 섬유는 쇄골의 측면에서 시작됩니다. 측면 섬유는 견갑골의 견봉에서 시작되고 뒤쪽 섬유는 견갑골의 척추에서 시작됩니다. 모든 머리는 합쳐져 상완골의 삼각근 결절에 삽입됩니다. 측면 섬유가 팔을 외전하는 동안 앞 섬유는 팔을 구부리고 내측으로 회전시키며, 뒤 섬유는 팔을 확장하고 측면으로 회전시킵니다. 

견갑골 근육(극상근, 극하근, 소원근, 견갑하근)과 그에 상응하는 힘줄이 결합하여 회전근개를 만듭니다. 극상근의 기원은 견갑골의 극상와에 있습니다. 반대로, 극하근은 극하와에서 유래합니다. 이 두 근육은 상완골의 큰 결절에 삽입되어 각각 팔 외전과 측면 회전을 돕습니다.

또 다른 근육인 소원근도 상완골의 큰 결절에 삽입되지만 견갑골의 아래쪽 각도에서 시작됩니다. 극하근과 함께 작용하여 팔을 옆으로 회전하고 확장합니다. 견갑하근의 기원은 견갑골의 견갑하와에 있습니다. 상완골의 소결절에 삽입되어 팔의 내측 회전을 돕습니다. 마지막으로, 팔 움직임에 관여하는 마지막 견갑골 근육은 오구상완근입니다. 이 근육의 기원은 견갑골의 오훼돌기에 있으며, 삽입점은 상완골 내측 간체의 중간 표면에 있습니다. 팔의 굴곡과 내전에 도움이 됩니다.

회전근개 근육은 특히 스포츠 활동을 하는 사람들에게 부상을 입기 쉽습니다. 상완골 머리와 견갑골 견봉 사이에 위치하기 때문에 극상근 근육은 특히 긴장과 퇴행성 변화가 발생하기 쉽습니다.

팔 근육은 축 근육과 견갑골 근육으로 분류됩니다.
두 개의 축 근육은 대흉근(pectoralis major)과 광배근(latissimus dorsi)입니다.
pectoralis major는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

The Muscular System

근육계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

arm muscles and their movements

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles.

The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the anterior abdominal wall. Both heads join and insert on the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The clavicular head flexes the humerus. The sternocostal head brings a flexed arm back to anatomical position. Working together, the heads adduct and medially rotate the humerus.

The latissimus dorsi starts on the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T7 to T12, the crests of the sacrum and ilium, and ribs 9 to 12. It inserts on the front of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The teres major works with it. Teres major begins at the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts on the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus. These two muscles extend, adduct, and medially rotate the humerus.

The deltoid is the most superficial muscle of the shoulder joint, and it gives the shoulder its rounded shape. Its anterior fibers begin on the lateral part of the clavicle. Its lateral fibers begin on the acromion of the scapula, and its posterior fibers begin on the spine of the scapula. All three parts merge and insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. The lateral fibers abduct the arm. The anterior fibers flex and medially rotate it. The posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate it.

The scapular muscles also include the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and their tendons. Supraspinatus starts in the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It helps with arm abduction. Infraspinatus starts in the infraspinous fossa and also inserts on the greater tubercle. It helps with lateral rotation. Teres minor starts at the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts on the greater tubercle. It laterally rotates and extends the arm. Subscapularis starts in the subscapular fossa, inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus, and helps medially rotate the arm.

The last scapular muscle involved in arm movement is the coracobrachialis. It starts at the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the middle surface of the medial shaft of the humerus. It helps flex and adduct the arm. The rotator cuff muscles are often injured, especially in people who play sports. The supraspinatus is especially vulnerable because it sits between the head of the humerus and the acromion of the scapula, where strain and degenerative change can occur.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

the muscular system

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movement

The muscular system helps the body move, stay stable, and carry out internal work. It includes three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Each type has a different role in the body. Skeletal muscles are under conscious control, so people can move them on purpose. They attach to bones by tendons, and their contraction and relaxation make actions like walking and lifting possible. These muscles also produce heat during physical activity, which helps maintain body...

fascicle arrangement in skeletal muscles

How Muscle Fiber Layout Shapes Movement

Skeletal muscle fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers, and their layout helps determine how a muscle moves. The way these fascicles are arranged affects both power and range of motion. Different arrangements give muscles different mechanical strengths. Parallel muscles have fascicles that run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Common examples are the biceps brachii and the rectus abdominis. When these muscles contract, they shorten and become wider. They can shorten by about 30% of...

muscle coordination and action

Muscles That Work Together in Movement

Muscles work together to create smooth, purposeful movement. Actions such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation depend on this coordination. The body uses several muscles in a controlled way so joints and bones move as needed. Four functional roles help describe how muscles act during movement: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator. An agonist, also called the prime mover, is the main muscle that produces a specific motion. During a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is...

naming skeletal muscles

How Muscles Get Their Names

Skeletal muscle names are built from features that help identify each muscle. The names of the roughly 700 muscles in the human body can point to where a muscle is found, what it looks like, or how it works. That makes the names easier to learn and remember. Many muscle names describe the region of the body. The temporalis muscle is in the head region, while the brachialis is in the arm. Other names describe position and depth. Muscles near the surface may be called externus or superficialis,...

axial and appendicular muscles

Muscles for Movement and Body Support

Skeletal muscles support movement and body structure. They are grouped into axial muscles and appendicular muscles based on where they are found and what they do. Axial muscles lie along the body’s midline. They connect with the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles help with facial expressions, head and neck movement, speaking, and eating. They also help control movement of the vertebral column with the back muscles. The trunk also contains...

muscles for facial expressions

How Facial Muscles Shape Expression

Facial muscles shape human expression by moving the skin of the face and scalp. These craniofacial muscles are thin skeletal muscles that lie just beneath the skin. They help create the nonverbal signals people use to show emotion and intention. There are about 20 of these muscles. Most begin on bones or fibrous parts of the skull and then extend outward to attach to the skin. They are called muscles of facial expression, or mimetic muscles, because they reflect feelings through movement. <br...

muscles of the eye

Eye Muscles and How They Focus

The eye muscles control movement, focus, and eyelid opening. The human eye uses ten muscles: six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one main eyelid retractor muscle. The six extraocular muscles sit around the eyeball and move it in different directions. The lateral rectus pulls the eye outward, and the medial rectus turns it inward toward the nose. The superior rectus and inferior rectus move the eye up and down, while the superior oblique and inferior oblique rotate the eye.

muscles of the anterior neck

Anterior Neck Muscles by Region

The anterior neck muscles are grouped by where they sit in the front of the neck. They include superficial muscles, suprahyoid muscles, and infrahyoid muscles. This layout helps show how the neck muscles are organized around the hyoid bone. The superficial muscles are the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. They include the platysma and sternocleidomastoid, often called the SCM. The platysma is a broad, thin muscle that stretches from the chest and shoulders to the lower jaw and...

muscles that move the head

How Neck Muscles Guide Head Motion

Neck muscles guide head motion by working together to bend, turn, and lift the head. They help with rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending. The sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, plus the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are major head flexors. The SCM runs from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When both SCM muscles contract, they bend the head forward. When only one side contracts, it bends the head toward that side or turns the head to the opposite...

muscles of the vertebral column

How Back Muscles Support Spine Movement

Back muscles that lie deep to the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic, or true, back muscles. They are grouped into four layers. These layers are the superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers. The superficial layer mainly includes the splenius muscles. These are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. They help move the head and cervical spine by supporting extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis runs from the upper thoracic and lower cervical...

muscles of the thorax

How Thorax Muscles Drive Breathing

Thorax muscles help breathing and support movement in the upper body. They also help keep the chest stable. Together, these muscles make the rib cage move while the lungs fill and empty. The diaphragm is the main breathing muscle in the thorax. It is a wide, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It starts below the rib cage and lumbar vertebrae and attaches to the central tendon. When it contracts, it flattens and moves downward. This increases the...

muscles of the abdomen

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Support

The abdominal wall muscles support the abdominal cavity and help protect the internal organs. This flexible wall is bordered by the xiphoid process and costal margins at the top, the vertebral column at the back, and the pelvic bones and inguinal ligament at the bottom. It is divided into the anterolateral region and the posterior region. The anterolateral region includes five paired muscles in two groups. The lateral group contains the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus...

muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum

Pelvic Floor Muscles and Continence

The pelvic floor and perineal muscles support the pelvic organs and help control continence. They also play roles in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. These muscles are usually divided into a superficial perineal layer and a deeper pelvic floor layer. The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm. It is split into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle. The urogenital triangle contains the external genitals and includes the superficial...

muscles of the shoulder

Shoulder Girdle Muscles and Scapula Motion

Shoulder girdle muscles stabilize the clavicle and scapula, and that support helps the humerus move efficiently. Scapular movement also works with humerus movement and extends the arm’s range of motion. Raising the arm overhead depends on upward rotation of the scapula. The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and pectoralis minor. The serratus anterior, often called the boxer’s muscle, starts on the first to eighth or ninth ribs and inserts along the superior...

muscles that move the arm

Arm muscles move the humerus through flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Nine muscles help produce these arm movements. Two of them, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, come from the axial skeleton. The other seven begin on the scapula and are called scapular muscles. The pectoralis major has two origins, or heads. Its clavicular head starts on the medial half of the clavicle. Its sternocostal head starts on the costal cartilages of ribs 1 through 6, the sternum, and...

muscles that move the forearm

Forearm Muscles for Elbow and Rotation

Forearm muscles help the arm bend, straighten, and rotate at the elbow and radioulnar joints. They are grouped as forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint. The pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints. The forearm flexors are the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The biceps brachii has two heads. Its long head begins at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and its short head...

muscles of the forearm that move the hand and fingers

muscles-of-the-forearm-that-move-the-hand-and-fingers

Forearm Flexors, Extensors, and Wrist Support

The forearm muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers are grouped into anterior and posterior compartments. These muscles work together to bend, straighten, and stabilize the hand and digits. They also connect to the bones of the wrist and hand in organized layers. The anterior compartment contains the flexor muscles. These muscles usually start at the humerus and attach to the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus,...

muscles that move the thigh

Hip Muscles That Move the Thigh

Hip muscles control thigh movement by connecting the pelvic girdle to the femur. The iliopsoas is one key muscle group. It is made of the psoas major and iliacus muscles. Both share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The gluteal muscles also play major roles. The gluteus maximus starts on the posterior ilium, sacrum, coccyx, and thoracolumbar fascia. It inserts on the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. This muscle is the chief extensor of the femur.

muscles that move the leg

Thigh Muscles Behind Leg Motion

Thigh muscles help move the leg through flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation. They are grouped into the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh. Each group supports a different part of leg motion at the hip and knee. The anterior compartment includes the quadriceps femoris, the most visible thigh muscle group. It helps extend the leg and flex the thigh. The quadriceps is made of four muscles: vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris.

muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes

muscles-of-the-leg-that-move-the-foot-and-toes

Leg Muscle Groups for Foot Motion

The leg muscles that move the foot and toes are organized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments. Each compartment has a distinct set of muscles with its own actions. Together, they control dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, and toe movement. The anterior compartment includes the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. The tibialis anterior runs along the lateral surface of the tibia, is easy to feel, and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff, and coracobrachialis move the arm, with their key origins, insertions, and actions.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements | JoVE K12

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Introduction to Light Microscopy

The light microscope is an instrument used by researchers in many different fields to magnify specimens to as much as a thousand times their original ...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can ...

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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular ...

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability ...

Introduction to Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a very powerful analytical tool that combines the magnifying properties of light microscopy with visualization of fluorescence. ...

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread ...

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

SC.912.L.14.4

comparing-mitochondrial-chloroplast-and-prokaryotic-genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

The &#8220;tree of life&#8221; describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Explain the evidence supporting the scientific theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis).

SC.912.L.14.5

A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.

B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and homeostasis.

C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the biosphere.

D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect their particular function.

Arm Muscles and Their Movements

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