4d Printing
4d Printing - Related Videos
06:52
4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures
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Cited by 16 •
2019
Using a 3D printer, a shape memory polymer filament is extruded to form a branched tubular structure. The structure is patterned and shaped such that it can contract into a compact form once folded and then return to its formed shape when heated.
12:00
4D Microscopy of Yeast
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Cited by 12 •
2019
This protocol describes the analysis of fluorescently labeled intracellular compartments in budding yeast using multi-color 4D (time-lapse 3D) confocal microscopy. The imaging parameters are chosen to capture adequate signals while limiting photodamage. Custom ImageJ plugins allow labeled structures to be tracked and quantitatively analyzed.
10:49
Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
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Cited by 58 •
2011
Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.
05:11
Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers
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Cited by 4 •
2017
An inkjet printer was used to manufacture polyvinyl alcohol multilayers. Polyvinyl alcohol water-based ink was formulated, and the main physical properties were investigated.
09:17
3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy
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Cited by 29 •
2017
Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.
FAQs
After fabrication, a programmed material remains capable of responding to a defined environmental or physical cue. Exposure to heat, moisture, pH, or mechanical force can alter the structure’s shape or function over time. This delayed response lets a printed object perform a changing task rather than remain fixed, which is central to engineering dynamic biological systems.
Shape-memory polymers and hydrogels provide the material basis for different forms of responsiveness. Their properties can be programmed during design and fabrication so the resulting structure reacts after printing to relevant conditions. Selecting between these material classes therefore affects how a device changes shape or function, helping align its behavior with a biological application such as an implant or scaffold.
These conditions act as possible triggers for the programmed response of a printed structure. Depending on the material and design, exposure can produce a change in shape or function after fabrication. Identifying the relevant trigger is important because the structure must respond under conditions that match its intended setting, particularly when the application involves a biological environment.
Developing a bioengineering application requires linking material design, additive fabrication, and intended biological function. Researchers specify the desired transformation or response, select a programmable stimulus-responsive material, and fabricate the three-dimensional structure. The printed object is then considered according to how its shape or function changes over time and whether that behavior suits the target biological system.
Adaptive scaffolds use time-dependent material behavior to support tissue-engineering goals. Because their shape or function can respond to the surrounding biological environment, they offer a way to design regenerative structures that are not entirely static after implantation. This adaptability connects fabrication with tissue repair and helps explain the relevance of 4D printing to regenerative therapies.
In drug-delivery systems, the programmed response can help regulate when or how a therapeutic substance is released. Conditions such as heat, moisture, or pH provide possible triggers for changing material behavior after fabrication. This approach is relevant when delivery must respond over time rather than rely only on a permanently fixed structure.
Deployable devices illustrate how shape change can reduce the intervention needed to place a structure inside the body. A device can be fabricated in one configuration and later respond to an appropriate stimulus after deployment. This application connects 4D printing with minimal-intervention device concepts, while emphasizing the need to match material behavior to bodily conditions.